tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74466172327540113152024-03-18T13:25:33.658+05:30The Vinod Wadhawan BlogCelebrating the Spirit of Science and the Scientific MethodVinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.comBlogger215125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-16581881931704412072021-05-27T10:31:00.010+05:302021-06-01T21:28:56.586+05:30Author’s response to Dr. Abhas Mitra’s review of the book THE 8-FOLD WAY OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD<p><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Dr. Abhas Mitra, author of the bestseller book </span><i style="font-size: 14pt;">The Rise and Fall
of the Blackhole Paradigm</i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (2021), has published an Amazon-India review
of my book, which I reproduce below. This is followed by my clarification of some
of the points made by him. The points I respond to are marked with
superscripts </span><sup>(i)</sup><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, </span><sup>(ii)</sup><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, etc.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sIU59wJPEZ0/YK8nRjpe51I/AAAAAAAAIVw/Ri0y6hG1OS8XuL8Zr6UVymEDk5UU9VxkACLcBGAsYHQ/s1498/8-fold.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1498" data-original-width="1315" height="617" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-sIU59wJPEZ0/YK8nRjpe51I/AAAAAAAAIVw/Ri0y6hG1OS8XuL8Zr6UVymEDk5UU9VxkACLcBGAsYHQ/w540-h617/8-fold.jpg" width="540" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">Dr. Mitra’s review reads as follows:<br />
==========<br />
* * * * * <b>One of the most valued books I have ever read, though the
cheapest one<br />
</b>It may sound disappointing that many scientists practising science do so as
a routine profession without worrying too much about “Scientific Methods”. Of
course good scientists and good science students do possess some ideas about
the scientific methods to be employed while doing science. However even the
good scientists may not feel the requirement to delve into various latent dimensions
of correct scientific methods and might occasionally be tempted to arrive at
wrong scientific conclusions. For instance, many physicists now think that
String Theory, one of the most hyped topics of theoretical physics ever, might
have been degenerated into some sort of pseudo science even when most brilliant
theoretical physicists have struggled to develop it over past four decades. And
of course general public is liable to be enamored by even pseudo-sciences, for
instance by astrology.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
To the best of my knowledge, the present book might be the only one on the
science and philosophy of scientific methods after the publication of <i>The
Logic of Scientific Discovery</i> (1959), a book about the philosophy of
science by the philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author argued that science
should adopt a methodology based on falsifiability. This is so because no
number of experiments can ever prove a theory, but a reproducible experiment or
observation can refute one. In his book, the author first dwells on the eight
tenets of the Scientific Method, namely, (1) Right questions, (2) Right
(objective or empirical) observations, (3) Right hypothesis to explain the
observations, (4) Right testing of predictions of the hypothesis, (5) Right
theory, (6) Right language and logic, (7) Right (minimum number of) axioms and
(8) Rightly worded (falsifiable) statements. And the author asserts that these
eight tenets are someway analogous to the eight steps to Nirvana emphasized by
Buddha: (1) Right beliefs, (2) Right intentions, (3) Right speech, (4) Right
conduct, (5) Right livelihood, (6) Right effort, (7) Right mindfulness and
finally (8) Right concentration.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
As the author succinctly puts it: A crucial aspect of science is systematizing
the knowledge acquired and, even more importantly, of making the knowledge
available to everybody for scrutiny. Thus at least in principle, science is
always self-correcting. For instance, in 2020, all top scientists believed that
Covid-19 virus does not float in air for too long and hence the disease does
not propagate through air. But by May 2021, it appears that Covid-19 viruses
are likely to freely propagate through air. Such a logical virtue of science
might however be dishonored by the intellectual arrogance of the proponents of
hypotheses which are not verifiable by observations and experimentations, as is
the case with several aspects of Theoretical Physics and in particular the
String Theory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
But this book goes much beyond such mundane aspects as the author points out
that all phenomena are natural and there is really nothing “supernatural”. If
so, in some way religion and mysticism too come under the purview of science in
a broader sense. Simultaneously, he delves deeper into some complex issues of
scientific interest. Accordingly, the 2nd part of this book explores newer
dimensions. For instance, there are small chapters entitled “How to Live Well
Forever” and “Reversal of Chronic Diseases”. However, I have not yet gone
through these chapters and feel that such topics do not gel well with the
general character of this great book and were avoidable (they could be
published separately).<b><sup>(i)<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></sup></b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">The author is bold and his book even contains a subsection “The
end of theoretical physics as we know it?”. Unfortunately this subsection is
based entirely on a recent popular physics book by the German theoretical
physicist Sabine Hossenfelder. And though I personally like this content, I
feel it has (not) been organically connected with his overall book.<b><sup>(ii)</sup></b> The
2nd part also contains insightful long discussions on works of Stephan Wolfram
on complexity. I am afraid, such sections though highly valuable in their own
rights, look like add-ons and have been some sort of distraction from the
central theme of the book.<b><sup>(iii)<br />
</sup></b><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">On the other hand, I feel that the section entitled “Which is the
most scientific natural language?” is important for a comprehensive
appreciation of scientific methods because computer science has started
aiding science in a major way. The author points out that for artificial
intelligence, and computational linguistics, there is a subfield called natural
language processing (NLP), or computer linguistics, which is about using
computational techniques to learn, understand and produce human language
content. Here the author highlights that Sanskrit language whose literal
meaning is ‘sculpted to perfection’ is the most scientific natural language. In
this context, he explains why long ago, Charles Babbage (1791 – 1871), who is
sometimes called as “father of computers’’ mentioned that “The structure of Pā</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ṇ</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">inian
Grammar is nothing but a computer program.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
The author is an atheist and rationalist in the true sense and not as an
intellectual fashion statement so prevalent in modern India. Accordingly, the
author has no inhibition in highlighting the ‘thought and philosophy’ behind
Vedas the same way Ernest Schrodinger had no hesitation in comparing the
weirdness of Quantum Mechanics to some of the oriental mysticism. In
particular, the author points out that the ancient Indian school of philosophy,
Nyāya, considers the five elements essential to correct reasoning, beginning
with the statement that “The reason (evidence) must be present in the case under
consideration.’</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
Overall, it’s a rich and exotic concoction of conventional studies on
methodologies of science, history, philosophy both western and Indian. Though
it is no easy read, this is one of most valuable books I have ever read.
However, I have a complaint against the author. Such a unique and precocious
book ought to be published through some reputable international publisher in
order that it would garner real international traction that it deserves.
Unfortunately, it has been self-published.<b><sup>(iv)</sup></b> Yet I
strongly recommend that all science lovers should enrich their collection by
this gem whose e-version is available almost free (Rs. 149 or US $2.0).<br />
==========<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">I am thankful to Dr. Mitra for his kind words about the book. Here
is my response to some of the points raised by him (marked above with
superscripts).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<b>(i)</b> Why are there as many as three chapters on human health and
longevity in a book on the Scientific Method? There are at least two reasons
for this:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
(a) One underlying thought that influenced my entire planning and writing of
this book was that science has to now find ways to go beyond its conventional
reductionistic approach, so as to be able to investigate even complex systems
effectively. The present century will be the century of complexity science. To
bring home to the lay reader the fact that complex systems are all around us, I
picked up the example of the human mindbody, which has consciousness as one of
its ‘emergent’ properties. Our health and longevity issues are something that
interest everybody. The chapter ‘How to Live Well Forever’ provides a powerful
example of how modern science and technology (an outcome of the Scientific
Method) enables us to realistically cherish the hope of living well forever, if
we wish to. Similarly, the chapter ‘Reversal of Chronic Diseases’ serves to
hold the hope that so many chronic diseases can indeed the reversed, thanks to
the fruits of the application of the Scientific Method to the health sciences.<br /><br />
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">(b) By now it is well established that ancient Indian science and technology,
as also philosophy and mathematics, got very bad treatment at the hands of
Western historians of science, as also their misguided and/or politically
motivated Indian cohorts (see, e.g., Kak (2021): ‘A Brief History of Indian Science’, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/7446617232754011315/4271369047932806357"><span style="color: blue;">(99+) (PDF) A Brief History of Indian Science | Subhash Kak
- Academia.edu</span></a>). In this book I have done my bit to restore the
balance to some extent by including a chapter on the history of science. But
the achievements of pre-modern India were so prolific that I had trouble
keeping that chapter reasonably brief. One thing I have done is to move some
part of the material to a chapter on the ‘The 8-Fold Yogic Way of Living’. So
this is the third chapter on the health sciences. The three chapter together
also served to enable me to compare the three approaches to human health and
longevity. It goes without saying that the yogic way of living is the best: for
the individual, for society, for world peace, and for living in complete
harmony with Nature.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<b>(ii)</b> ‘The end of theoretical physics as we know it?’ is a section
in the chapter ‘Going Beyond Reductionism in Science’. Dr. Mitra would agree
with me readily that we have all been pining for long for the next golden age
in theoretical physics. There has been a stalemate of sorts for the last
several decades. No fundamental breakthroughs have come. People have been
wondering why. Sabine Hossenfelder (2018) in her book has opined that perhaps
it is because of our excessive obsession with the beauty and symmetry of the
equations that embody our theories. That is one opinion. In fact I myself
highlighted the crucial role played by conservation theorems in the discoveries
of hidden (broken) symmetries (Wadhawan (2018): <i>Latent, Manifest, and
Broken Symmetry</i>). So this approach has paid rich dividends. But perhaps we
have already milked this cow too much. Other approaches are needed. The same
chapter in the book gives a lot of space to the work of Stephen Wolfram, who
has been advocating the use of cellular automata and local interactions for
getting the hang of all sorts of research problems, including those in
theoretical physics. I think theoretical physicists should take Wolfram’s
claims more seriously. Who knows, they may end up getting the breakthrough
ideas so sorely needed at the present juncture in the history of theoretical
science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<b>(iii)</b> Giving so much space to Wolfram’s work is also because of my
agenda to highlight every possible approach that can help make progress in
complexity science. So much so that I end up making some suggestions for
relaxing the very strict Scientific Method a bit so as to bring the study of
even highly complex systems (like the consciousness aspect of the human
mindbody) into mainstream science.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><br />
<b>(iv) </b>This is perhaps the first and the only comprehensive book on
the scientific method. And availability of such a book in high-school and
college libraries can go a long way in promoting scientific temper in society.
But there may well be scope for improvement of the book. For this I keep
inviting suggestions and critical comments. Since I am also the publisher of
the book, it is very easy for me to make corrections and improvements
continuously. What is more, it would take me just a day or two to bring out a
corrected / improved version, or even a new edition: All I have to do for this is to
upload a revised pdf file. So please keep giving me your feedback.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-73105982476918680962021-04-11T21:06:00.264+05:302022-06-24T11:39:11.924+05:30Vinod Wadhawan’s new book ‘The 8-Fold Way of the Scientific Method’<p></p><div class="WordSection1">
<div style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 4pt;"><p align="center" class="MsoTitleCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><a name="_Hlk68362428"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(This blog post was updated on 8 December 2021, and again on 24 June 2022)</span></b></a></p><p align="center" class="MsoTitleCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><a name="_Hlk68362428"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
8-Fold Way of </span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span color="windowtext" face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">the Scientific Method:</span></b></span></p>
</div>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68362428;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">What science has
been all about so far,<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68362428;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and how it should
be done now<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68362428;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Vinod Kumar Wadhawan</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Published by the
author</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68362428;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Powered by Pothi.com,
India<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk68362428;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">(Also powered by Kindle Direct Publishing, USA)</span></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br /></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; text-align: left;">This 'Print on Demand' book can be ordered from the following websites:</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">eBook (Rupees 80):</span></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://store.pothi.com/book/ebook-vinod-kumar-wadhawan-8-fold-way-scientific-method/&source=gmail&ust=1619180768997000&usg=AFQjCNHY6ZtJ-HxbAJOW5WB6CXQeYcz8gQ" href="https://store.pothi.com/book/ebook-vinod-kumar-wadhawan-8-fold-way-scientific-method/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">https://store.pothi.<wbr></wbr>com/book/ebook-vinod-kumar-<wbr></wbr>wadhawan-8-fold-way-<wbr></wbr>scientific-method/</a></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: large;">Paperback (Rupees 575):</span></p><p style="background-color: white;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://store.pothi.com/book/vinod-kumar-wadhawan-8-fold-way-scientific-method/&source=gmail&ust=1619180768997000&usg=AFQjCNFk68Wq3strd5YtqTUgudNczw35KQ" href="https://store.pothi.com/book/vinod-kumar-wadhawan-8-fold-way-scientific-method/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">https://store.<wbr></wbr>pothi.com/book/vinod-kumar-<wbr></wbr>wadhawan-8-fold-way-<wbr></wbr>scientific-method/</span></a></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9354578926/ref%3Dox_sc_act_title_1?smid%3DA1F25HUQJ2HQZO%26psc%3D1&source=gmail&ust=1619180768997000&usg=AFQjCNFiwTdd5aazxXeZzz4pAoKK_tCNEw" href="https://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9354578926/ref=ox_sc_act_title_1?smid=A1F25HUQJ2HQZO&psc=1" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.in/gp/<wbr></wbr>product/9354578926/ref=ox_sc_<wbr></wbr>act_title_1?smid=<wbr></wbr>A1F25HUQJ2HQZO&psc=1</a><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"></span></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.flipkart.com/8-fold-way-scientific-method-science-has-been-all-so-far-should-done-now/p/itm4c0803a309b88?pid%3D9789354578922&source=gmail&ust=1619180768997000&usg=AFQjCNHu7HwX8IXCIcChPGYBSZxa6CX1pQ" href="https://www.flipkart.com/8-fold-way-scientific-method-science-has-been-all-so-far-should-done-now/p/itm4c0803a309b88?pid=9789354578922" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">https://www.flipkart.com/8-<wbr></wbr>fold-way-scientific-method-<wbr></wbr>science-has-been-all-so-far-<wbr></wbr>should-done-now/p/<wbr></wbr>itm4c0803a309b88?pid=<wbr></wbr>9789354578922</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"><o:p>Paperback (US$ 12):</o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"><o:p>For buyers outside India, the paperback can be ordered from </o:p></span></span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09MYVYF97?ref_=pe_3052080_397514860"><span style="font-size: x-large;">The 8-Fold Way of the Scientific Method: What science has been all about so far, and how it should be done now: Wadhawan, Vinod Kumar: 9798778894914: Amazon.com: Books</span></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5i_d7OuWD5U/YHT34lEexmI/AAAAAAAAIQ4/TIM5CvCkHckPQajTRhj3hnorjqQIzmBJACLcBGAsYHQ/s694/170787002_3729951790433752_6151061555282835201_n.jpg" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="694" data-original-width="482" height="935" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5i_d7OuWD5U/YHT34lEexmI/AAAAAAAAIQ4/TIM5CvCkHckPQajTRhj3hnorjqQIzmBJACLcBGAsYHQ/w648-h935/170787002_3729951790433752_6151061555282835201_n.jpg" width="648" /></a></p><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIEA41fv9K8/YHPnidJ9wrI/AAAAAAAAIQs/x-3LUIYUq0o-iWTKbUZpgtdjOF99lyrlwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/VKWBook6back.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1365" height="1017" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YIEA41fv9K8/YHPnidJ9wrI/AAAAAAAAIQs/x-3LUIYUq0o-iWTKbUZpgtdjOF99lyrlwCLcBGAsYHQ/w679-h1017/VKWBook6back.jpg" width="679" /></span></a></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; font-weight: 700;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Advance
Praise for the Book</span></b></div></span>
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">‘Most people think
that science is a </span><i>body</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> of knowledge which uses a lot of jargon and math.
Dr. Vinod Wadhawan makes it clear that science is, first and foremost, a </span><i>method</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">
for producing reliable knowledge. The book also serves as a ready reference for
a vast collection of scientific ideas. Not just ‘hard science’ but also ideas
like logical fallacies, the nature of evidence, and philosophical concepts like
falsifiability. All of these are invaluable for aspiring rationalists,
especially if they are (like myself) themselves not scientists. The author also
suggests ways in which science can go beyond reductionism to further the study
of complex systems’.</span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Ambar Nag<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Data scientist and rationalist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Quora: </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.quora.com/profile/Ambar-Nag" target="_blank"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">https://www.quora.com/profile/Ambar-Nag</span></a></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Medium: </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://atheistblogger101.medium.com/" target="_blank"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">https://atheistblogger101.medium.com/</span></a></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">‘The noted
particle-physicist Murray Gell-Mann was inspired by the grand Eightfold
Path of Buddhism when he invoked it for describing the
deep interlinkings among the fundamental particles. Vinod Wadhawan’s
book is comparable more to the Buddhist 8-fold way than to Gell-Mann’s material
and prosaic 8-fold way. This book is a profound inner view of not only science,
but also of history of science, philosophy, ontology, epistemology, partly
sociology, and overall about life itself.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘The book contains not
just eight chapters about the methodology of science, but its reach is much
wider, as unfolded in six more chapters. Though the author is a noted
physicist, and has no hesitation in saying that he is an atheist, he is not
dogmatic like many other atheists. His atheism is no fashionable declaration to
announce “I am an intellectual”. His atheism is an outcome of honest pursuit of
scientific methodology which does not restrain him from delving into the golden
pots of the<b> </b>Vedas and the Upanishads, or quoting that “Pā</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ṇ</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">ini’s grammar, A</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold"; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">ṣṭ</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">ādhyāyī, is the only complete, explicit and rule-bound
grammar of any human language and as such has been appreciated as “the greatest
monument of human intelligence”. His mind is free from all prejudices and so is
the book.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘Several chapters are
dedicated to important aspects of life, including how to live well and longer.
I am not exaggerating, this book has touched an epic character, and that too
not just <i>any</i> epic. The only epic I can compare it with is <i>The
Mahabharata </i>for the grandeur of the Scientific Method and for the “</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">good life inspired by love and guided by
knowledge”’.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Abhas Mitra<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Astrophysicist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Author of <i>The Rise and Fall of the Black Hole Paradigm</i> (2021)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘Whereas science has this geeky reputation and gives one a vision of a
mad scientist with wild hair in a dusty lab among books and beakers, one
doesn’t realize that the Scientific Method, which is a prerequisite for good
science, is ubiquitous. For example, not many people realize that our legal and
legislative systems are based on the Scientific Method or that the stock market
is designed using the Scientific Method.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘Dr. Wadhawan has used the medium of this book to share his insights on
this less discussed but all-important subject. Coming from a real-life man of
science, the book explores the practice of science, transcending realms ranging
from philosophy to science with a uniquely Indian perspective. It answers real
questions ranging from those asked by a curious lay person to an academic
philosopher. In the knowledge economy that we find ourselves in, a book
like this should be made mandatory reading for all college courses, setting the
stage for real-world miracles, and ushering in a sustainable better quality of
life for our next generation’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Anjan Madhwesh<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">IT professional, science enthusiast, science vlogger<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://youtube.com/channel/UCCTJvufWrgHs6G41HoakhRw" target="_blank"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">https://youtube.com/channel/UCCTJvufWrgHs6G41HoakhRw</span></a></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘A compelling read covering a wide range of everyday topics around
science. Emphasizes independent thinking and forming unbiased opinions based on
scientific facts, rather than going with blind faith. </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Dr.
Wadhawan also delves into how we can live well forever by adopting a yogic way
of living and following guidelines of good nutrition and regular exercise. </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Very fitting for a 21<sup>st</sup> century growth
mindset’.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Namrata Joshi<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">IT professional<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘Dr. Vinod Wadhawan — an accomplished scientist — has distilled and
synthesised available published knowledge with rare insight, explored the
traditional wisdom of ancient Indian Rishis, and added new scholarly
interpretations in describing the 8-fold way of the Scientific Method for
attaining “intellectual nirvana”. And he has succeeded in doing this in a
user-friendly manner in this book. <i>Homo sapiens</i> — a geologically
insignificant and young entity — have evolved from an animal species of little
significance to ride the cognitive revolution since the last 70,000 years, and
are now leading the Anthropocene changes on planet Earth. The Scientific Method
has been a leading enabling factor in all this during the last few centuries.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘Scientists with their Scientific Method should also serve society and
constructively guide its aspirational growth. It is my firm belief that this
book will ignite interest amongst student scholars and the general public about
scientific matters, and will motivate them to unlearn certain limiting
deficiencies like superstitions, blind faith, and other irrational belief
systems’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Sudesh K. Wadhawan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Former Director General, Geological Survey of India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘In this remarkable book the author has uniquely and thoroughly analysed
the ‘conventional’ way of doing science, namely the one based on experimental
observations, that has led scientists to make several fundamental discoveries
and great inventions. But in his opinion, we must now add another important
dimension to scientific investigations for understanding natural phenomena more
inclusively. This requires the use of direct experiential evidence as well, so
far excluded from the ambit of science. The author gives many examples to make
this point. His arguments are convincing and impressive. He also proposes that
the term ‘complexity science’ should now be used as a technical term for that
part of science which goes beyond reductionism, and which relaxes some of the
eight tenets of the very strict Scientific Method, so that even experiential
evidence can be used directly. The informed reader would almost certainly
accept his line of reasoning.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘Exposure to the scientific approach to things will help eradicate, or
at least minimize, pseudoscientific practices that are fooling innocent people
all over the world. Wider and deeper prevalence of the much-desired scientific
temperament and science literacy in the general public is a must, and this book
will help promote that. The book is truly thought-provoking. The author’s
presentation of the facts and arguments is very powerful. It is a must-read
book by both scientific as well as enlightened non-scientific members of the
society’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Rakesh K. Bhandari<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Former Director, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre,
Kolkata<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Distinguished Scientist, Department of Atomic Energy,
Govt. of India<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">‘I
liked the way the book brings out the importance of asking the right questions,
presents the role of subjective information in a field dominated by objective
information, highlights errors of reasoning such as confirmation bias,
and tells us about the importance of simplicity and parsimony of
assumptions in the form of Ockham’s razor. I also appreciate Dr. Wadhawan
pointing out how, through complexity-science research, science has been moving
beyond reductionism; that is, understanding the world through the <i>interactions</i>
of its parts and sub-parts, rather than just <i>actions and reactions</i>. I
hope the book inspires the young and the old in adopting scientific temperament
in daily life’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">— Vinay Dabholkar<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Consultant, teacher, co-author of <i>8 Steps to Innovation</i>
(2013), <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">and author of <i>Mindfulness: Connecting with the Real You</i>
(2019)</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large;">‘Vinod
Wadhawan in his book embarks on a noteworthy voyage to discover for us the
intricacies of the ‘Scientific Method’ — a catchphrase most of us take for
granted, but understand so little, and practise even less. The extent of our
ignorance about it, or at best our patchy understanding of it, dawns upon us
page after page, thanks to the lucid narrative achieved by the author by way of
expression as well as explanation.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large;">No
sacred cows here; only the guiding principles of cold logic and reason —
spurred by a passionate search for The Truth and a zest for enquiry into the
unknown. That is why the book is a voyage of discovery — perhaps as much for
the author as for the reader. The book addresses not only people in the
scientific community, but also those who have any interest in knowing about the
unknown and the barely known’.</span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Upendra Rawat<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Banker, poet, science enthusiast<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘The book concerns the science behind the Scientific Method itself — a
strict formalized prescription for how science has to be done. Under the
overarching umbrella of the Scientific Method a diverse range of topics has
been covered with great erudition. Nothing seems to have escaped the attention
of Vinod Wadhawan, be it astronomy, science, philosophy, religion, mathematics,
linguistics, grammar, health, medicine, neuroscience, quantum
physics, logic, computers, technology, education, and most
importantly the knowledge from pre-modern India, to name some. The
latter finds a place of pride in the book. Also, there is elaborate discussion
on esoteric complex phenomena like the emergence of consciousness that do not
seem to fit into the domain of the classical 8-fold way of the Scientific
Method. Vinod proposes a guarded relaxation of some of the tenets of this
method for making scientific studies more inclusive, so that experiential
evidence and other subjective information also finds direct use in science.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘The achievements of ancient India were outstanding, yet not widely
known even today. There is good exposition in the book of this
profound wisdom and knowledge that came from pre-modern ascetics (who were
detached from the mundane!). Historically it has all but gone into oblivion, or
has been lost due to destruction by invaders. It is great that it is now
finding attention, exploration and scientific scrutiny by several
investigators. The very scientific presentation of all this in the book
is extremely valuable and should help ignite interest afresh, and lead to a
renaissance in re-discovering and understanding our past epochal
achievements. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘The science of complex systems has been the forte of Vinod. In this
context he has aptly exploited the second law of thermodynamics in his
description of the emergence of complexity. As he said somewhere, the second
law for open thermodynamic systems is the mother of all organising principles.
And this is also an important component in the narrative of his present book.
The book undoubtedly is a culmination of long years of an intense thought
process, along with research, and collection, compilation and meticulous
organization of a large body of precious distilled knowledge from the past and
present. At the fundamental level, it was interesting to read about the
significance of simple rules, and how they can produce the complexity of a
system. The computational approach of Stephen Wolfram is very interesting in
the same context, as it shows graphically how a simple rule to begin with can
give rise to fascinatingly complex patterns. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">‘There can be queries that go beyond the ambit of the Scientific Method.
The God question is one. Creator or no creator, super-being or none, <i>etc</i>.?
This has occupied many minds. The arguments in support are circular and do not
as such stand the scrutiny of the Scientific Method. The book gives a lot of
coverage to this. The question remains unanswered, though. The mind-body
question and consciousness are all relevant questions that the author addresses
in an eloquent manner. He has coined the term ‘mindbody’ as an improvement over
‘mind-body’ to connote a single entity, and I believe he hence also subscribes
to the notion of consciousness as contained in the mindbody, and not distinct
from it. There is a wealth of information in the book to relish and to
learn from’.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">— Veer Chand Rakhecha<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Former senior physicist, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Contents<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Foreword 1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Foreword 2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Preface <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Part I. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD SO FAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .2in right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Introduction
and Overview <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: .2in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Scientific Method <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
nature of reality <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Scientific
pantheism <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
first and the second laws of thermodynamics <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Probability,
statistics <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Information
theory <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Complex
systems <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Evolution <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cognitive
science <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Does
the Scientific Method have limitations? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.11<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Childhood
conditioning and scientific temper in society <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">1.12<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Organisation
of the book <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">2.
Asking the Right Question<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Some famous right questions <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Asking scientific questions <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cutting-edge science, protoscience <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Non-scientific questions <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Science
and pseudoscience <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Objective Observation of the World<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Empirical
<i>vs.</i> rational evidence <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Quantitative
<i>vs.</i> qualitative data <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.3 Empirical,
experiential, and anecdotal information <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Double-blind,
randomized, placebo-controlled<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.2in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.2in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">clinical trials <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Correlation
is not necessarily causation also <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Objective
<i>vs.</i> subjective information <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The nature of evidence <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thought experiments <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Coming up with Hypotheses for Understanding the Data <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypothesis in science <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypothesis in formal logic <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Working hypothesis <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The creative aspect of coming up with a
hypothesis <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The God hypothesis <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">4.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vedas
and the hypotheses of quantum mechanics <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Reproducible Verification of Predictions of Hypotheses <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
rigours of verification of scientific hypotheses <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hempel’s and Popper’s approaches to
verification </span><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large; text-indent: 0.2in;">of hypotheses </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
Theory for Explaining the Hypothesis <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">6.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What
is a theory? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">6.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Good theories and bad theories <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">6.3 Distinction between hypothesis, theory, and law</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Has
physics gone off the rails in the 21<sup>st</sup> century? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">7.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Language and Logic of Science<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Language and humans<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The role of language in
science <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Which is the most scientific natural
language? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">7.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Logical systems <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Logic in Vedic thought
and philosophy <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Roots of modern logic <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Logical fallacies <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.8<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is a good
argument? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 138.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">8.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Choice of the Smallest Necessary Set of Axioms <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">8.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
principle of maximum parsimony <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">8.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ockham’s
razor and the Copenhagen interpretation <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">9. The Falsifiability Requirement <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Falsifiability and
inductive reasoning <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hempel’s raven paradox </span></p>
<p align="center" class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p align="center" class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Part II. MY VIEWS
ON SOME COMPLEX ISSUES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; tab-stops: right 4.5in; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10. Going Beyond Reductionism in Science <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Complex
adaptive systems <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>‘A
New Kind of Science’ (NKS) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Universal cellular
automata <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Wolfram’s
principle of computational equivalence <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fifteen years after the
NKS book <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The end of theoretical
physics as we know it? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Our mindbody, the
quintessential <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.2in; text-indent: 0.2in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">complex adaptive system <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; tab-stops: right 4.5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11. How to Live
Well Forever <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></p><p class="text" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
problem with modern health sciences <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">11.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A
matter of hardware-software incompatibility <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">11.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nine
steps to living well forever <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">12.
Reversal of Chronic Diseases <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">12.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Ornish way of
reversing chronic diseases <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">12.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Eat
well <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">12.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Move
more <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">12.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stress
less <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">12.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Love
more <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">13.
The 8-Fold Yogic Way of Living <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p>13.1 Ashtanga yoga</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p>13.2 Ayurveda, the science of longevity</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><br /></span></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">14.
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Historical<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">14.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
philosophy of science after the 10<sup>th</sup> century <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.5pt;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">14.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Epistemology: empiricism, rationalism, skepticism, and constructivism
after the 10<sup>th</sup> century <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Vedas and the Upanishads <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">14.4 The Sarasvati civilisation</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">14.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Philosophy,
science, mathematics, and technology </span><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large;">before the 10</span><sup style="font-family: trebuchet;">th</sup><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: xx-large;"> century </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">14.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Astrology <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -28.5pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">14.7<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
educational system in ancient India <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.6in; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.6in;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .6in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.6in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 4.5in; text-indent: -0.6in;"><b><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">15. Science is What Scientists Do</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span>15.1</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span>Why so much difference of opinion</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.2in; text-indent: 0.2in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">even among the
experts? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">15.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Health
sciences <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">15.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The scientist as role model, influencer, hero</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">16. </span>The
Scientific Method Needs to be Revisited </b><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">16.1 </span><span>Consciousness </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">16.2 Proposals for making the Scientific Method more inclusive</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></span><b><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Bibliography </span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Index <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Acknowledgements <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: right 4.5in;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">About the Author <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div class="WordSection2">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Foreword
1</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Have you ever
wondered what the </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">scientific method is all about? Ask a scientist and
you will probably get many different answers, none of them utterly
satisfactory. Ask a member of the public, and you will probably gain no more
insight into the question. The standard answer is something to do with the
notion of objectivity, namely that a scientific discovery or result should be
testable, reproducible and arrived at without the personal influence of the
scientist who made the discovery. In practice, in my experience, this high
ideal is rarely met, if ever. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Vinod
Wadhawan, in this new book, sets out to dispel many of the myths about the
scientific method and about the notion of science itself. It will come as no
surprise to the reader that, like me, he does not believe in a God that rules
the world we live in. Instead, rational arguments have to be made, with no
recourse to the mystic universe, paranormal and pseudoscience.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Vinod
begins with the concept of the scientific method and exposes some of its
triumphs and weaknesses as practiced by real scientists. All scientists are
human beings, of course, and so are liable to be led astray, no matter how
strictly they try to follow a rigorously objective route. I know from my own
work as a scientist working in the field of crystallography, how tempting it is
to come to a conclusion based on slender, and possibly even questionable,
evidence, and then go on to defend it, even when evidence is later produced to
refute the original conclusion. We do not like to be proved wrong: a human
frailty with which I think we all suffer. Also, we scientists tend to see
ourselves as being apart from the general masses, with some justification
because we have knowledge that others do not. Despite this, one of the problems
today is the scientific illiteracy that pervades the general public and the
political classes who rule us.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">You
can see an example of this with the antivaxxer movements around the world.
Despite the horrors of the current pandemic, irrational notions are strong
enough to prevent people from realising that vaccination is a good thing to
have. This is despite its long history of success (for example the complete
elimination of small pox). Such pseudoscientific notions are harmful to
society.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">To some extent this comes from
skepticism and distrust of experts, rather in the way we tend to distrust the
political class, but also to a general ignorance of science and what it means.
As Vinod explains, the answer to this is to go out and explain science to the
public, but do it in a way that makes them feel that they are part of the
discussion. The other day, I heard a medical expert explaining to a group of
people how the SARS-Cov2 virus attacks the human cells. He made no attempt at
talking down to them, and was using fairly technical language about spike
proteins, messenger RNA, ACE1 on the surface of cells, and so on. When it came
to questions, it became clear that the audience, despite never having had any
scientific training, had taken it all on board and enthusiastically began to
ask rather advanced questions such as one might expect from scientifically
literate persons. It shows that if you do not dumb down your scientific
presentation, there is a good chance that you will be listened to and
understood. This notion is one of the objectives of the book. I recall a similar
experience many years ago when I explained some ideas about quantum theory and
relativity to a few people gathered together in a pub. They became really
interested, despite not having much educational background, and from their
comments it was clear that they had followed the main arguments, and best of
all, they were fascinated by the concepts.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">Scientific
illiteracy in my view is a curse. It gets in the way of proper understanding of
the world and can even impede progress. My own bugbear is with the crystal
healing community. Just type the word crystal into Google and immediately you
find thousands of websites talking about crystals, not in order for you to
study, but for you to use in some mystic ceremony that will influence your
wellbeing. Thus you find something called a “Positive mind” set of crystals. Or
what to do with a quartz crystal in order to find peace of mind. There are many
books published on the healing powers of crystals. Some of them begin
rationally enough, explaining what is meant by a crystal and even using the
correct jargon that we crystallographers use. But the cat is out of the bag
pretty soon when they start talking about “energy levels”, as if the author has
the faintest notion of quantum mechanics. But it gets worse when you read
instructions on how to treat your crystal, talk to it in the right way, pray to
it and how to use the energy emanating from the crystal. This reminds me that a
few years ago I saw a beautiful crystal of calcite in a shop window, and so I
went in and bought it. The shop assistant instructed me to place it beside my
bed and that this would ensure a harmonious night’s sleep. I tried it. It
didn’t.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">I usually upset such people when
I explain to them that crystals are the “deadest” objects in the universe. No energy
is emitted, no auras, nothing — absolutely cold stone; lifeless. I once even
had my life threatened when I explained this to a believer. People do not like
having their beliefs attacked. So, from my perspective, I am pleased to read a
book in which scientific rationality is championed. It is vital that we
scientists explain to the public what we are doing, what excites us and, most
importantly of all, how to discriminate between scientific and unscientific
“fake news”.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">The
belief in the supernatural is a feature of humankind and has a long history.
For example, it has been discovered that at the sites of ancient hominids, </span><i>homo
erectus</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">, living over one million years ago, there are collections of quartz
crystals. Interestingly, they are not modified in any way, and have not been
used as tools. It seems that the ancient hominids found some value in the
quartz crystals, and possibly this was the beginning of magical thinking. It
has been pointed out that in their world, they hardly ever saw any straight lines
(rivers, trees, mountains – all curves). The discovery of crystals must have
seemed especially striking to them, and like the monolith in the film </span><i>2001 A
Space Odyssey</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">, this may have awakened in them the first ideas to
investigate the world around them.</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">Since
then, of course, magical thinking has pervaded human history, but gradually as
rational thinking began to dominate, the scientific revolutions became
possible. Nonetheless, it is surprising that in the 21</span><sup>st</sup><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> century
there is still so much belief in magic. One can excuse the uneducated, I
suppose, but for me it is difficult to understand educated scientists who still
hold on to these ancient ideas. There are many physicists who still believe in
the notion of God, and attend religious ceremonies. Yet, when they publish
their scientific work, they never include in their conclusions the notion of
divine intervention as one of the possible explanations of their observations.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The
book describes what Vinod calls the 8-fold way of the scientific method, which
is roughly what we have been doing up till now. Now, while there is still much
to be discovered through the standard scientific methods, it is becoming
clearer, as Vinod points out, that we need to adjust our way of thinking to
deal with ever more complex situations. In science, we have a tendency to
reduce complicated problems to simpler situations which we can solve, and then
expect that the results apply more broadly. There is that famous joke about a
group of veterinary surgeons, statisticians and theoretical physicists being
commissioned by a race-horse owners association to determine how to breed
faster race-horses. After a year they went back to learn about the results. The
veterinary surgeons said that they had dissected one hundred horses and discovered
that to breed better horses, one should concentrate on those with strong back
legs. The statisticians said that they had studied the statistics of all the
races since 1900 and found a small, but significant, correlation between the
winners and the colour of the horses. It seems that chestnut horses have a
slight edge over all others. The theoretical physicists reported that they had
managed to solve the spherical horse model, but now needed further funding to
go on to the ellipsoidal horse case! The fact is that we humans look for
simplicity even when encountering difficult subjects. But there is increasing
evidence that simple, apparently beautiful interpretations actually can mislead
us from understanding the true nature of the world.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">So,
in conclusion, Vinod’s latest book is a fascinating collection of ideas and
philosophy of science, which certainly made me reassess my own thoughts on what
science actually means. I hope you will enjoy it as much as I did.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">A. Mike Glazer</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Oxford<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">Emeritus Professor of Physics and</span></i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"> <i>Emeritus Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">Visiting Professor at the University of Warwick</span></i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">Crystallographer</span></i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">Editor of the Newsletter of the International Union of
Crystallography<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.iucr.org/news/newsletter" target="_blank"><i><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;">https://www.iucr.org/news/newsletter</span></i></a></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">February
2021<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span><span> </span></span></p></div><div class="WordSection3">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Foreword
2</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Vinod Wadhawan and I have been friends for
more than half a century. We started our career in the Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre at the same time, and I have seen him grow in stature as a researcher in
his professional career, and later as an author of some outstanding books. I am
an admirer of his capabilities in crystallography, and in expressing his
thoughts, often on complex subjects, lucidly and accurately. A few years back I
was attending a session in an international conference on materials science,
where a renowned Professor from the Carnegie Mellon University, sitting next to
me, asked whether I knew Vinod Wadhawan. On my affirmative answer he commented
on Wadhawan’s book entitled ‘Introduction to Ferroic Materials’. He made a
categorical statement that this book is undoubtedly the best book on the
subject. That was indeed a proud moment for me to let him know that I have a
long and close association with Vinod.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">When Vinod asked me to write my impressions on
this book, I was thrilled. As I received the final version about two weeks
back, I started reading it and I realised that the task was not so easy. This
is not a book which one can read fast, as there is a lot to digest. Let me
admit that I am writing my comments without fully digesting all the messages
which he has communicated in this book after spending considerable time in deep
thinking on subjects which are of fundamental importance, not just in science
but also in philosophy and in our existence. When I received an ultimatum from
him for giving my views within 48 hours, and knowing how tough a task master he
is, I started penning down these ‘first impressions’.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Vinod’s research career has been in
experimental solid-state physics, with a clear emphasis on crystallography and
crystal physics. What I enjoyed most in this book is that he has treated the
complex subject of the nature of science itself from the perspective of an
experimental physicist. He is totally sincere in expressing his thoughts and
has not tempered with anything to suit commonly prevailing views. There is no
dispute on the eight tenets of the Scientific Method, namely, Right questions —
Right (objective or empirical) observations — Right hypothesis to explain the
observations — Right testing of predictions of the hypothesis — Right theory —
Right language and logic — Right (minimum number of) axioms – and Rightly
worded (falsifiable) statements. These are generally accepted in the scientific
literature. What I find novel is his assertion that they have an analogy with
the eight steps to Nirvana as taught by Buddha: Right beliefs — Right
intentions — Right speech —Right conduct — Right livelihood — Right effort —
Right mindfulness — Right concentration.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">There is no doubt that both in science and
philosophy our understanding gets enriched by the ‘courage of our questions and
the depth of our answers’. Extending such discussions, Vinod takes us to the
question of the existence of God. He has picked up many quotable quotes from
great thinkers, primarily from the realm of science. The fundamental questions
which have been arising in our minds from times immemorial are: Who is the
creator of all that we see around us in nature happening with clockwork
precision? ‘If there is watch there must be a watchmaker’; who is it? When all
the things and phenomena came into being? What is our destiny? Is there any
deeper meaning to all that is happening in the universe? Or is it that all that
we see is meaningless? Just </span><i>maya</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">? Science has attempted answering a few
of these questions. There has been a fairly universal agreement on the Big Bang
theory which says that the universe we live in started about 14 billion years
back, and provides a time line of significant events for the evolution of the
universe. The evolution of living beings on our planet has also been charted by
detailed scientific work. Still, many of the questions mentioned above remain
unanswered. Wherever we find no answer, we resort to God. But there is no
unique concept of God, as the human mind has conceptualised it in multiple
variants. As of today, our knowledge of the human mind itself is abysmally poor
and so is the case with our feelings and sentiments. There is no escape but to
rely on poets, philosophers and thinkers for dealing with these issues.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">As far as my understanding goes, there is one
point of convergence in the views of scientists and philosophers:
Astrophysicists confirm today that not all the elements present in our planet
and in our body were generated in our solar system. Nucleosynthesis of several
heavy elements required an event like a merger of neutron stars or a supernova
explosion. Therefore all of us, living and nonliving, carry a part, howsoever
small it is, of the products that resulted from such big events. Therefore we
all are directly connected with this big universe. In the same manner the
billions of micro-organisms residing in our bodies are responsible for
important functions such as digestion of food and production of vitamins.
Scientists are in full agreement that the harmonious presence of the entire
biota, not only of a local region but of the whole planet, is essential for our
very existence. A cruel illustration of this fact is getting revealed in recent
times in the occurrence of the present pandemic. This important fact of our
links with the whole universe from both macroscopic and microscopic dimensions
had been sensed by poets and philosophers, even of ancient times. They also
raised the question ‘Where from come the creative traits of the human mind?’.
In Einstein’s words ‘the intellect has little to do on the road to discovery.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Often there comes a leap in your
consciousness, call it intuition ……. The solution comes to you and you don’t
know why’. The great mathematician Ramanujan believed that much of his original
work was due to divine grace. This totality of nature encompasses everything,
material and mental, in the universe, and we as individuals are connected in a
cosmic web. Tagore narrates this concept of unison of individuals and nature as
a whole in a beautiful way in many of his poems and songs. Indian philosophy
goes one step further. The monist view proclaims that an individual and the
whole of the nature are not just linked, but they are indeed one and
indivisible. I don’t think we can design an experiment to prove or disprove
this hypothesis. But this concept has no contradictions with the scientific
knowledge of today. Vinod in his book describes this viewpoint as scientific
pantheism, or the naturalistic worldview. The science of complexity has been
discussed in this book and in his previous book, with a number of illustrations
and plenty of quotations. Vinod has been working in this area for a while, and
the depth of his understanding is reflected in the lucidity of his presentation
on this ‘complex’ subject.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The thermodynamic basis of the process of
evolution has been quite enjoyable for me to read. Conceptually the process of
crystallisation from a liquid or an amorphous structure can very well be
considered as building up a three-dimensional edifice with a periodic
arrangement of units or motifs using a given algorithm. If a translational
periodicity is invoked one generates an infinitely large perfect crystal. With
two or more units and a set of rules, defining translational periodicity, a
three-dimensional space, expanding to infinity, can as well be created. The
result is a quasi-crystalline structure, which was initially conceived as a
result of a mathematical game and later proved to occur in real systems. The
concept of infinity which is difficult to visualise, but encountered in
irrational numbers and infinite series, can thus be illustrated in real terms.
The two basic principles, one of lowering of the free energy of the system, and
the other of increasing of the entropy of the assembly of the system and its
surroundings, govern the processes of evolution in nature. Vinod has explained
this with the help of first and second laws of thermodynamics. This part is not
just enjoyable reading for those who are familiar with these concepts, but are
extremely valuable for those who are getting introduced to this subject. In these
discussions I can easily identify the author who has extensive experience in
the field of phase transitions. The issues connected with stability,
metastability and un-stability, elaborated in the book with the help of a
figure of a Mexican-hat shaped potential, are definitely of importance from
pedagogic considerations.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The book, as I have scanned through so far, is
not something that you read up in a continuous stretch. You need to take a
pause, spend time to think, often go back to earlier pages, jump some pages and
read a new chapter, and so on. It is a companion book which provides you food
for thought. It is a storehouse of valuable quotes. It makes you think, it
helps you inculcate the habit of objective and rational decision-making in
complex situations. It gives some useful health tips and even gives solace in
difficult circumstances. The book goes much beyond what its title may convey.
This is a book written by an experimental scientist with an Indian mind, who is
trying to understand things in nature and events happening around him with his
personal scientific insights. I welcome this valuable addition to literature in
the domain bordering science and philosophy, and I congratulate the author.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Srikumar Banerjee</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Chancellor, Homi
Bhabha National Institute (DAE), Mumbai<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Former Chairman,
Atomic Energy Commission of India<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">February 21, 2021</span></p></div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Preface to the First Edition</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">This book celebrates
science and the Scientific Method</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif'> XE "</span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Semibold";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>scientific method</span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif'>" </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">. It takes you into the world of science and scientists, and explains how
natural phenomena are investigated. The term ‘Nature’ means all that there is,
so there is nothing outside or ‘above’ Nature. Therefore, all phenomena are
natural phenomena; nothing is ‘supernatural</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span></span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif'> XE "</span><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Yu Gothic UI Semibold";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>supernatural</span><span lang=EN-GB
style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif'>" </span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=EN-GB style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
bold'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">’. In science we investigate <i>all</i> natural phenomena; with varying
degrees of success, of course.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">As Brian Cox said, ‘science is too important
not to be a part of popular culture’. Our collective intelligence has enabled
us to evolve the all-important Scientific Method for investigating natural
phenomena. But science is not just about investigations. It also has the
crucial feature of systematizing the knowledge acquired and, even more
importantly, of making the knowledge available to everybody for scrutiny.
Scientists do further research based on what is known and published in journals
of science. This leads to continual progress in our quest for knowledge and
understanding. Newton put it very aptly: ‘If I have seen further it is by
standing on the shoulders of Giants’. The cumulative (and exponentially rapid)
growth in our knowledge would not have been possible in the absence of
knowledge-sharing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">A great feature of the Scientific Method is
that it is </span><i>self-correcting</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">. This makes science a dependable and exciting
venture. In fact, the (empirical-evidence based) Scientific Method is the only
method we have for arriving at objective knowledge that we can trust with a
high degree of confidence. ‘The good thing about science is that it’s true
whether or not you believe in it’ (Neil deGrasse Tyson).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">Just imagine what our lives would be like
without all the science and technology at our disposal today. And there is
promise of exponentially increasing rates of progress in the days to come. All
this has become possible because we humans have invented and perfected what I
call <i>the 8-fold way of the Scientific Method</i></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> for understanding natural phenomena. Here is a
glimpse of what it is all about:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">Suppose we are curious about some natural
phenomenon and we have made some observations about it. We want to understand
it, and to generalize the conclusions if possible. Here is how we go about
doing this in science: We begin by asking a </span><i>well-formulated question</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> we
want to answer. Then we make </span><i>observations and measurements</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> that we
believe will help answer the question. The next thing to do is to make a guess,
</span><i>i.e.</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">, formulate a </span><i>hypothesis</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">, that can explain what we have
observed and measured. The fourth step is to argue that if our guess is
correct, we should also observe in Nature certain consequences of our guess,
apart from understanding our initial set of observations. That is, we make </span><i>predictions</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">
and verify them. If the verification is not satisfactory, we go back to
modifying the guess, or even coming up with a different one. We may also have
to go back to making more extensive and accurate observations of what we want
to understand. Finally, if the hypothesis and the predictions made by it stand
verified, we gain confidence in it. It may turn out that another related set of
observations or phenomena can be explained by another good hypothesis. One or
more good and related hypotheses in a scientific discipline of enquiry deserve
a logical explanation as to why they work. This is done by formulating a </span><i>theory</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">. A classic example is Newton’s
theory of gravity for explaining Kepler’s analysis and generalisation of
observations about planetary motion.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">But is that all there is to the scientific
process? No. The above five steps of the Scientific Method for arriving at
objective truths are actually embedded in an ecosystem defined by the following
three additional stipulations or tenets:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">1. For describing anything we need a </span><i>language</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">. The language used in science
must always have a strict and unambiguous </span><i>logical</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> </span><i>structure</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">. In
science we impose the severe restriction that each word used must be defined so
unambiguously that it means the same thing to everybody. Moreover the rules of
logic must be self-consistent, and universally acceptable.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">2. For formulating a hypothesis or a theory,
and for other discourse on the subject, we should work with only <i>a</i> <i>minimum necessary set of axioms</i>. The
axioms</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> may be
truths already established, or they may be something just presumed to be
tentatively valid. And the litmus test for the presumed axioms is that the
conclusions drawn from them must agree with objectively obtained experimental
data (or <i>empirical evidence</i></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">).</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">3. Finally we have the so-called <i>falsifiability (or refutability) requirement</i></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">.
It says that only those claims or conclusions are permitted in science that are
so worded that it should be possible to prove them false by a suitable
experiment or argument.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">This 8-fold way (the set of eight tenets) of
the Scientific Method</span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB"> has
been assisting humanity in attaining progressively a kind of <i>intellectual Nirvana</i></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">, by conquering ignorance bit by bit. We are
mortals, but the Scientific Method enables us to achieve a kind of immortality
in the ever-expanding and self-correcting edifice of scientific knowledge we
create in common; that is, by acquiring, interpreting, sharing and recording
(for ourselves and for posterity) empirical information and tentative
conclusions about natural phenomena.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">A common perception, particularly among those
exposed entirely to what is called ‘Western science’, is that the Scientific
Method for investigating natural phenomena is about 400 years old only, if not
less. According to the </span><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif"> the Scientific Method
is ‘a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th
century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and
the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses’. Science has indeed made
very rapid strides in the last 400 years. But it would be wrong to think that
there was no scientific activity before this period. This issue is also
examined in this book. I am an Indian brought up in India. Therefore I am in a
somewhat better position to empathise with the Indian claims about the
philosophic, scientific, technological, and mathematical achievements in our
hoary past.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">Here is an English translation (by A. L.
Basham) of the <i>Nasadiya Sukta</i></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">, also known as <i>the Hymn of Creation</i></span><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif" lang="EN-GB">; it is from the Rigveda (10:129) and is about
cosmology and the question of the origin of the universe:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-outline-level: 2;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Then even nothingness was not, nor existence,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">There
was no air then, nor the heavens beyond it.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">What
covered it? Where was it? In whose keeping?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Was
there then cosmic water, in depths unfathomed?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Then
there was neither death nor immortality<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">nor
was there then the torch of night and day.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">The
One breathed windlessly and self-sustaining.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">There
was that One then, and there was no other.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">At
first there was only darkness wrapped in darkness.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">All
this was only unillumined cosmic water.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">That
One which came to be, enclosed in nothing,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">arose
at last, born of the power of heat.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">In
the beginning desire descended on it -<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">that
was the primal seed, born of the mind.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">The
sages who have searched their hearts with wisdom<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">know
that which is kin to that which is not.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">And
they have stretched their cord across the void,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">and
know what was above, and what below.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Seminal
powers made fertile mighty forces.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Below
was strength, and over it was impulse.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">But,
after all, who knows, and who can say<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Whence
it all came, and how creation happened?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">The
Devas (minor gods) themselves are later than creation,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">so
who knows truly whence it has arisen?<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">Whence
all creation had its origin,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">he,
whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">he,
who surveys it all from highest heaven,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">he
knows - or maybe even he does not know</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS",sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">I love that last line: ‘</span><i>he knows - or maybe even he
does not know</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">’ (emphasis added). That is the essence of what the
Scientific Method is all about. An open mind. A rational approach. </span><i>Skepticism</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">.
Willingness to change one’s views in the light of new information, making it a self-correcting
venture.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">This book has four main objectives. The first
is to describe the methodology used in science for investigating natural
phenomena objectively. The fairly detailed account of the process is intended
to give the reader a feel for the pains scientists take for ensuring that the
empirical knowledge so gained has the highest attainable degree of credibility.
The self-correcting feature of the Scientific Method is highlighted, as also
the high degree of skepticism adopted by scientists in their quest for
knowledge. The level of presentation is designed to take the message of science
to as many people as possible, but without dumbing down the narrative
unnecessarily.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">The second objective is to emphasize why the
scientific approach should not be confined to the laboratory alone, but should
be applied to all human dealings and discourses. Scientific temper in society
is a must, and this book is one more effort for promoting that.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">My
third objective is to highlight the empowering effect of science literacy on
all of us. After all, science is done by humans, and the human mindbody is a
highly complex system. This fact of life colours just about every aspect of the
world of science and scientists. Science literacy in the public at large is a must
for distinguishing between the scientific and the unscientific (or
pseudoscientific). Science literacy is also important for your physical and
mental wellbeing: Your very choice of proper doctors and other health and
nutrition experts depends on how well you are already informed about the basics
of the health sciences, as also of the machinations of some big pharma
companies for increasing the sales of their merchandise.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">Fourthly
I make a case that there is now a need to make scientific investigations more
inclusive by guardedly relaxing some of the tenets of the very strict 8-fold
way of the Scientific Method that we have been following so far (with
astounding successes, no doubt). This has become necessary for making headway
in the science of what are technically called ‘</span><i>complex systems</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">’. The
human mindbody is among the most complex of them all, and many people,
including several eminent mainstream scientists, take the concept of human
consciousness very seriously. At present, experiential knowledge, so
characteristic of a sentient being, is largely kept outside the purview of
science because of our insistence that any statement or claim in science must
be reproducible by everybody, everywhere, any time. Some proposals are made in
this book as to how we could possibly enlarge the scope of the Scientific
Method by including for investigation in mainstream science certain esoteric
phenomena occurring in complex systems, rather than letting studies on them
continue to lurk in the shadows. Science should aim at investigating </span><i>all</i><span face=""Trebuchet MS", sans-serif">
natural phenomena, including those occurring in the experiential domain. New
nomenclature is proposed in this context, assigning distinct technical meanings
to the terms ‘science’ and ‘complexity science’. The former will continue to have
the meaning it has at present, along with strict adherence to the Scientific
Method applied till date. And the technical term ‘complexity science’ should
henceforth be used for that science in which some of the eight tenets of the
present Scientific Method are relaxed a bit to give ‘complexity science’ a more
inclusive scope for bringing concepts like consciousness into mainstream
science. All this calls for a debate, though.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Vinod Wadhawan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">New Delhi<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";">February 2021</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold";"><b>Preface to the Second Edition</b></span></p><div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">An effort has been made to factor-in the
feedback obtained on the first edition of the book. Some less relevant material has been removed
to make space for new information. A section ‘Ayurveda, the science of
longevity’ has been added in the chapter ‘The 8-Fold Yogic Way of Living’. I
decided to do this after reading a recently published book by Gangadharan
(2021): <i>Ayurveda: The True Way to Restore Your Health and Happiness</i>. Dr.
Gangadharan talks like a real scientist; in fact, he is one. It was through his
book that I learnt about an extensive study by Govindaraj <i>et al.</i>, the
results of which were published in a paper in <i>Nature</i> in 2015; title:
‘Genome-wide analysis correlates Ayurveda Prakriti’. The study identified 52
genes that determine the prakriti of a person, meaning that the ancient
Ayurvedic concept of prakriti has a scientific rationalisation, and that it can
now be identified by studying these genes also. Another development in modern science
that has had a counterpart in Ayurveda is that of the field of epigenetics. Our
genes cannot be changed readily, but their <i>expression</i> or otherwise is in
our hands to a substantial extent. This resonates well with the Ayurvedic premise
that nurture can overrule Nature to a very significant extent. This means that
even the seemingly ‘incurable’ diseases can generally be overcome through
adequate lifestyle-changes, aided by holistic Ayurvedic medication. Another
addition to the book is a brief discussion of some implications of the rather
recent discovery that the mighty river Sarasvati was a reality, and not a myth.
Evidence indicates that the land around this now extinct river was probably the
primary cradle of the entire human civilisation — and of ancient Indian science.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">Vinod Wadhawan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">New Delhi<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: trebuchet; font-size: x-large;">December 2021<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div><p class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria",serif; font-size: 11pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Yu Gothic UI Semibold"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span></p><p></p>Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-51991119175517740472019-03-30T18:05:00.003+05:302019-03-30T18:05:57.088+05:30Wadhawan Educational Videos on Science - 4 (WEVS4): Biological Evolution Made Simple<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Darwin’s theory
of biological evolution is basically correct, although, like for any other
theory in science,</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">refinements and
improvements continue to be made to it. And we have no choice but to accept its
logic. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;">For viewing this educational video, please click at<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JXpgiQxk-o">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JXpgiQxk-o</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7C1AJ4g7dtQ/XJ9iTfHfvZI/AAAAAAAAGg0/v-3RJobiJUAbTb7S5Oa6IzBr6I5ORrtwACLcBGAs/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="455" data-original-width="896" height="325" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7C1AJ4g7dtQ/XJ9iTfHfvZI/AAAAAAAAGg0/v-3RJobiJUAbTb7S5Oa6IzBr6I5ORrtwACLcBGAs/s640/1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Previous videos in this series</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">WEVS1: Science Answers the Big Questions</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2018/12/wadhawan-videos-on-science-1-wvs1.html"><span style="color: #990000;">https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2018/12/wadhawan-videos-on-science-1-wvs1.html</span></a><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">WEVS2: The Second Law of Thermodynamics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2019/01/wadhawan-educational-videos-on-science.html">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2019/01/wadhawan-educational-videos-on-science.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">WEVS3: The Nature of Reality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2019/02/wadhawan-educational-videos-on-science.html">https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2019/02/wadhawan-educational-videos-on-science.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-47843598746481769162019-02-28T13:07:00.000+05:302019-03-06T19:21:32.775+05:30A Cognitive Toolkit for the Rationalist. 6/6: Matter Over Mind<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Chapter 13: The
problem of consciousness</b></span></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2008379;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Consciousness as an emergent property of the brain</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Rene Descartes was a genius who gave us Cartesian geometry, used to
this day. He also said the famous words “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cogito
ergo sum</i>”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I think therefore
I am. Without getting into the details of the argument, what it gives us is a
picture of <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">mind as
something separate from matter</span></em>. This gives rise to questions like -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Can consciousness exist without the body?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Can consciousness be transferred from one source to
another?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Can consciousness survive death?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">We can start with two diametrically opposed (but at this point equally
valid) worldviews</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the first one says that consciousness is fundamental and the material
world is emergent from it (“idealism”), while the second describes
consciousness as an emergent property of (living) matter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-C3RBEczc6ZU/XHePWH070fI/AAAAAAAAGe8/jKqE2uvadpwO8Z3xK2eq3OY6Z5tO5-R9wCLcBGAs/s1600/section%2B6%2Bimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="883" height="451" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-C3RBEczc6ZU/XHePWH070fI/AAAAAAAAGe8/jKqE2uvadpwO8Z3xK2eq3OY6Z5tO5-R9wCLcBGAs/s640/section%2B6%2Bimage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.scoopwhoop.com/video-of-freshly-removed-human-brain/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">https://www.scoopwhoop.com/video-of-freshly-removed-human-brain/</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Hindu philosophical thought contains very advanced enquiries into
the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGKFTUuJppU" target="_blank">nature of
consciousness</a></span></span>. The <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Atman</span></em> is
the individual soul (or consciousness) and the <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Brahman</span></em> is the universal
consciousness. There is a school of thought <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Advaita</span></em> which says that both are
the same and it is <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Maya</span></em> which
divides them. But all the Hindu systems emphasize <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">direct experience</span></em>,
rather than observation, as the way to know the nature of consciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What about the materialist view? At this point in time, neuroscience is
not even close to giving us a credible mechanism by which consciousness could
emerge from matter. But scientists are working on it</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRel1JKOEbI" target="_blank">Anil Seth</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> gives
a fascinating account of the latest advances. The problem then is whether we
are prepared to <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">accept</span></em> that
consciousness could have a materialistic explanation that is complete.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Dan Dennett outlines several obstacles to such an acceptance, like
the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/hard-con/" target="_blank">hard problem</a></span></span> of
consciousness</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">is it possible to
completely describe someone’s <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">subjective</span></em> mental
state by objective analysis? A lot of studies show how we cannot have
authoritative knowledge of the working of our own minds. Our brain is
constantly playing tricks on us, as revealed by a number of illusions that have
been systematically designed by researchers. So it would appear that the third
person (objective) account of our mind is <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">more</span></em> reliable than our first person
(subjective) impressions. This is reinforced by the realization that our brain
tracks information on a strictly “need to know” basis. We know that we have a
liver, a pancreas, a pair of kidneys etc. But we know this from third person
observations and <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">not</span></em> from
first person experience.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The debate on whether consciousness is fundamental or emergent is
unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. So again, we can apply our heuristic
rules from Chapter 8 to decide what kind of theory we <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">like</span></em> when it
comes to understanding consciousness. Starting with consciousness as a
fundamental property of the Universe (like spacetime or mass-energy) seems like
a “top down” approach, leading in its most extreme form to <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/panpsych/" target="_blank">panpsychism</a></span></span>.
It also does not make any specific, testable predictions that can be validated
through experiments. And finally, the examples from Chapter 7, of phenomena
assumed in the past to be fundamental but which are now better understood as
emergent, gives us some inkling that the same <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">may</span></em> turn out to be true of
consciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The kind of theory we prefer is bottom up and it is empirical, i.e.
provides a way to validate or falsify its predictions. We start with a model
where the brain is the seat of consciousness and not a conduit for
consciousness. We know that our brain has almost 100 billion neurons and that
these neurons are connected. It is fed a constant stream of rich data to
process, by the sense organs. Drawing an analogy to the ant colony from Chapter
7, we can at least contemplate how billions of neuron interactions could
produce self-awareness even when none of the individual neurons have any. Individual
ants don’t have to possess intelligence (or goals) for their interactions to
produce intelligent (or goal-directed) behaviour. Individual neurons don’t have
to be self-aware for their interactions to produce self-awareness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The analogy between brains and ant colonies appears in Douglas
Hofstadter’s 1979 classic <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Gödel,
Escher, Bach.</span></em> Hofstadter refers to “Strange Loops” as the crux
of consciousness</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">an interaction wherein the top level of a system is built on lower
levels but is able to influence the bottom level, and thereby itself. It is
related to the concept of <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.mathsisfun.com/numbers/fibonacci-sequence.html" target="_blank">recursion</a></span></em> which any computer programmer
would be familiar with</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">think of two plane mirrors facing each other or a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-would-happen-if-you-point-a-camera-at-its-live-feed-monitor/answer/Chetan-Vashisht" target="_blank">video camera</a></span></span> pointed at a screen to
which its output is connected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A lot of this is speculation though, and we must acknowledge (once
again) that neuroscience is not likely to provide a precise description of the
mechanism anytime soon. But assuming that a complete and credible materialistic
theory of consciousness <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">will</span></em> emerge
at some point in the future, the answers to the three questions posed at the
beginning of this Chapter would be, according to that theory No, No and No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Now let’s move on to the question of <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">why</span></em>, according to Neo-Darwinism, did we
evolve consciousness? Why as in “how come”? It is obvious that any complex
organism needs to be able to differentiate its own body parts from its
surroundings. A lobster can’t afford to <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161213-autocannibalism-is-when-you-eat-bits-of-your-own-body" target="_blank">claw itself</a></span></span>. So self-awareness of the body
would be an essential brain function. But what about self-monitoring of the
mind? Why would that be useful or necessary?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The answer may be tied to another uniquely human adaptation</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">language. Language evolved because of the advantage it
afforded to the individual. Recall from Chapter 6 that natural selection acts
on individuals (actually genes) and not on groups or species. The use of
language is as much for <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">deception</span></em> as
it is for “true” communication of beliefs and intentions. An individual who
indiscriminately communicates every thought to their fellow humans is unlikely
to survive for long. This makes it not just useful but essential for the brain
to have a self-monitoring ability. My thoughts, memories, beliefs,
expectations, intentions must be tracked and represented separately. This would
explain the feeling of “self”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">what</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s it like to be me? That in fact is <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://samharris.org/the-mystery-of-consciousness/" target="_blank">Nagle’s</a></span></span> <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">definition</span></em> of
consciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Does this explanation, due to the fact that it relates consciousness with
language, imply that only human beings are conscious? Yes, but there <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">is</span></em> a different
explanation which does not rest on language as a prerequisite. It starts by
describing the brain as a prediction engine which uses sensory inputs to build
a “model” of the external world (more on this in Chapter 14). In order to make
this model as accurate as possible, the brain must include <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">itself</span></em> as part
of the model. Instead of assuming an external “perceiver” or “experiencer”
(aka <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">soul</span></em>)
we may define consciousness as the brain’s high-level representation of itself.
And consciousness, like the brain, may itself be an <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">adaptation,</span></em> as
we shall argue in the next chapter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 14:
Artificial intelligence<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2008409;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Is it possible to have a sentient AI?</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What is AI? AI is simply the ability of machines to do tasks that were
so far assumed to require human intelligence. Self-driving cars are a popular
example.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">One of the applications of AI is Machine Learning (ML). Being a data
scientist, here at last is a subject on which I can claim some
expertise :-). Machine learning is a set of algorithms that can learn to
perform a wide range of tasks without being explicitly programmed. Here
“learning” refers to constant improvement by analysing more and more data; i.e.
encountering more “cases”. So, while an elevator control system automates a
task once performed by humans, it does not get better at it by analysing
patterns. In other words, it lacks the ability to learn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">An ML algorithm which is trained to recognize images of cats will
initially need to be fed many images of cats (labelled as “cat”) and other
images (labelled “not cat”). Once it is “trained” it can start to identify cat
pictures accurately. Replace cat with “malignant tissue” for a more
useful <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.wired.com/story/google-ai-tool-identifies-a-tumors-mutations-from-an-image/" target="_blank">application</a> </span></span>of ML, namely
image-classification, also used by self-driving cars.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">One of the most powerful ML algorithms (class of algorithms actually)
is the neural network, which as the name suggests, learns in a way similar to
the human brain. Our brains use <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://brohrer.github.io/how_bayesian_inference_works.html" target="_blank">Bayesian Inference</a></span></span> to interpret data
coming in from the sense organs (sight, sound, smell….). It has a “prior”
expectation which it updates based on incoming data. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What you see (or hear or feel…) is your</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">brain’s</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">best guess</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">based
on both the prior belief and the sense data</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Sometimes the prior belief is
so strong that it <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">overrides</span></em> the
incoming information. Cognitive scientists like to demonstrate this through
visual and auditory <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyu7v7nWzfo" target="_blank">illusions</a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">We are now ready to try and answer the question we posed at the end of
Chapter 10</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">why can’t AI be
considered minds separate from bodies? Or <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">can an AI ever attain consciousness?</span></em><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The analogy of the human brain as a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TTFoJQSd48c" target="_blank">necktop
computer</a></span></span> is useful in certain respects but misleading in
some ways. The fact that computers are made of silicon while the brain is made
of organic (“wet”) stuff is not important here. But they <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">are</span></em> fundamentally
different for a different set of reasons —<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The human brain has a bottom up organization, there is
no centralized control. Every neuron is fighting for survival by making itself
useful much as each worker survives in a market economy by finding jobs to do.
But an individual transistor in a computer will not find itself “unplugged” if
it stays idle for a period of time so it doesn’t need to actively seek out
tasks to do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The human brain has evolved in a partly hostile, partly
cooperative environment where it has constantly needed to make decisions in
life-or-death situations, competing and cooperating with fellow humans (as we
argued in Chapter 12). Computers, on the other hand, live in a relatively
sterile environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The emergence of consciousness in the human species
is <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">because</span></em> we are survival machines (see Chapter 6)
and not despite that fact. In other words, consciousness is not an attribute
which makes us something “more than” survival machines; it is something that
makes us better survival machines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">If an AI is ever to become a “conscious” mind unattached to a body it
would need to have<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Bottom up organization comprised of autonomous elements<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A need to survive in a competitive environment with
possibilities for cooperation. A need to practice deception, which requires
self-reflexive thought. The tagline for the 2015 sci-fi movie <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22530054-600-ex-machina-quest-to-create-an-ai-takes-no-prisoners/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">Ex Machina</span></a></span></em> sums
this up pretty well</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">There is nothing more human than the will to survive</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.</span><br />
<br />
<h1 style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter
15: The brief history of mind<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">A story should have a beginning, a
middle, and an end... but not necessarily in that order</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Recall from Chapter 8 that the
heliocentric model of our solar system took more than 1000 years to be accepted
from the time it was first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos in the 3rd century
BCE. It took further work by Copernicus and Kepler in the 16th Century to
construct a mathematical model, and Galileo’s observations through the
newly-invented telescope, to validate the model. Was the new theory greeted
with enthusiasm and excitement? Of course not! The </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/galileo-is-convicted-of-heresy"><span style="color: #1155cc;">disgraceful treatment of Galileo by the Catholic Church</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> should continue to remind us that new
ideas which threaten to turn our worldview upside-down are likely to be met
with strong opposition.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">While some of the opposition may be
genuine scientific skepticism, a lot of it is simply blind rejection of new
thinking that is seen to threaten faith beliefs. In the case of the
heliocentric model, there <i>was</i> a lot at stake - one of the pillars of the
anthropocentric worldview (see Chapter 9) was the belief that the Earth enjoys
a central, supreme position in the Universe. It was heresy to suggest
otherwise.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">We are right now facing a crisis of
even greater proportions with respect to our worldview, and it is this - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
question of Origins has had many different answers offered by religious and
spiritual traditions over the centuries (Chapter 8 contains a link to a list of
“creation myths”). But at a fundamental level they are all parallel narratives
which, translated to modern language, go somewhat like this - <i>first there
was a mind, then came matter followed by lifeforms</i>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">With
the latest advances in science we have reached a point where we can say quite
confidently that <i>the above sequence is wrong</i>. It was matter that came first,
followed by lifeforms emerging from (inanimate) matter and finally, minds
emerging from lifeforms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">What do we mean by “minds”? A mind is
something that has a capacity for any of the following - rationality, goals,
beliefs, intentions, motives, reasons and purposes. The regular English
meanings of these words will serve us perfectly well here. What we are
essentially saying is that none of these played any role in shaping our world
until very recently, that is until the appearance of <i>Homo Sapiens</i>. In other
words, the 4.5-billion-year history of the Earth (and the 10 billion year prior
history of the Universe) is best understood in terms of blind, mechanistic,
purposeless processes. Neither the equations of physics nor the algorithmic
sequence described by Evolution <i>requires</i> any assumption of a rational
agent working behind the scenes - one that has goals, purposes, intentions or
beliefs.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">But most spiritual belief systems rest
on a contrary set of assumptions - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Minds
pervade vast regions of space rather than being localised in the place between
our ears<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Minds
have existed since the beginning of time rather than having evolved relatively
recently<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UZ3jphiLlbk/XH_OF392zaI/AAAAAAAAGfs/9cxJdHaTy6Ep_fkER7XYpDMwgkaeYrrkACLcBGAs/s1600/chapter%2B15%2Bimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="992" height="492" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UZ3jphiLlbk/XH_OF392zaI/AAAAAAAAGfs/9cxJdHaTy6Ep_fkER7XYpDMwgkaeYrrkACLcBGAs/s640/chapter%2B15%2Bimage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">https://www.pmfias.com/origin-evolution-life-earth-biological-evolution/</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">This picture provides a clearer
perspective on what we mean by “relatively recently” - the history of minds
does not account for more than 0.01 billion (or 0.2 percent) of the 5-billion-year
history of our planet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">But so what if the assumption of a
primordial mind is not <i>required</i>, can we not retain it still? The general
heuristic of Occam’s Razor would eliminate any redundant assumptions, i.e.
those that do not add explanatory power to our model of reality. But we will go
further and invoke another heuristic, already introduced in Chapter 10 - the
Intentional Stance from Dan Dennett.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Dennett describes three levels of
analysis for modelling (or predicting) the behaviour of things of varying
complexity. The Physical Stance describes a thing (or system) in terms of its
physical components and their interactions, making predictions based only on an
understanding of these. It is, in principle, the most accurate approach and the
one used in Physics and Chemistry. For instance, the behaviour of a stone can
be accurately predicted based on the fact that it is held together by
electrostatic forces and is subject to the gravitational force. But if we
replace the stone with a live bird, the Physical Stance would not continue to
serve us well. Though it is true that a bird, like any other object, is made up
of atoms and molecules and is subject to the laws of physics, we need a higher
level of abstraction to predict, that when released it will fly up and not fall
down like a stone. This second level of analysis is the Design Stance which
assumes, in this case, that birds are “designed for flying”. Never mind that it
is <i>design without a designer</i> (see Chapter 6). The higher complexity of a
living thing (bird) compared to an inanimate object (stone) warrants the
adoption of the Design Stance. It is what we implicitly use in Biology and
Engineering.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">When it comes to predicting the
behaviour of humans, even the Design Stance will generally not suffice. There
isn’t anything in particular that a person is “designed” to do. Of course, the
same goes for birds but most people would agree that a bird’s behaviour
patterns are less complex, and therefore easier to predict, than those of a
person. The third and highest level of abstraction then, is the Intentional
Stance.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Here is how it works:
first you decide to treat the object whose behaviour is to be predicted as a
rational agent; then you figure out what beliefs that agent ought to have,
given its place in the world and its purpose. Then you figure out what desires
it ought to have, on the same considerations, and finally you predict that this
rational agent will act to further its goals in the light of its beliefs. A
little practical reasoning from the chosen set of beliefs and desires will in
most instances yield a decision about what the agent ought to do; that is what
you predict the agent will do.</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Having defined the three levels of
analysis, here’s the main insight. Jumping to the next (higher) level involves <i>sacrificing
accuracy and reliability</i> in the interest of “zooming out” irrelevant
details.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Consider rivers. A river can be
described using the Physical Stance as water flowing downhill. This approach
affords us a reasonably good understanding of not only its “normal” state but
also flooding or drying up. But skipping to the next level, we would need to
assume that rivers were designed “for” something - perhaps to provide water
which sustains life (see Chapter 9 for more examples of this type of
reasoning). But that wouldn’t explain why it floods or dries up. To </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth"><span style="color: #1155cc;">explain
that</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">,
we would need to attribute desires, goals and intentions (in short, minds) to
the river. What we end up with is a River Deity whose “actions” we may be able
to influence by appealing to its mind through prayers and rituals. And since
the only minds we know are human minds, we inevitably converge on an
anthropomorphic representation, usually female in the case of rivers.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">In Chapter 10 we had encountered a
similar scenario relating to lightning and thunder and also formed a hypothesis
around why the Intentional Stance would be an evolutionarily “safe” strategy.
It seems that the Intentional Stance is more likely to be applied to things or
systems which are both - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Either
essential for or dangerous to our survival, <i>and</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Beyond
our control by physical means</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Coming back to the question we set out
to answer, we already have a reasonably accurate description of the processes
that got us here (Big Bang, Relativity, Quantum Mechanics, Evolution…), and
these descriptions are <i>all</i> based on the Physical Stance. In the past we
had neither the methods nor the technology to be able to come up with models
that describe Nature <i>from the bottom up</i> (see Chapter 7). Of course,
there will always be gaps in our knowledge. We agreed in Chapter 3 that every
scientific theory is tentative and susceptible to falsification. But because of
this, in terms of agreeing with empirical data it easily outperforms anything
we had before. So it doesn’t seem like there is anything to be gained by
switching to what is essentially a more “top-down” approach; i.e. the Design or
Intentional Stance.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Intentional Stance applied to
Nature has not, over the years, given us a reliable understanding of any aspect
of it. But shedding it would have a domino effect on many “meta-beliefs” of the
kind we went over in Chapter 12 - </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
idea that everything has a cause or happens for a reason<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
idea that Nature (or the Universe) has goals and purposes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
idea that morality has any influence beyond the domain of human societies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">The
idea that introspection can reveal “truths” about the outside world</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Obviously, a great deal is at stake for
some of us. Let’s look at one of the popular arguments in defence of the
primordial mind - the one which starts with the doctrine of consciousness as a
fundamental property of the Universe (see Chapter 13). It has been used to
construct </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHmnPVApfFE&t=2186s"><span style="color: #1155cc;">narratives</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> that are, in essence creationism disguised in
sciency-sounding language.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">One of its unwitting allies is Quantum
Mechanics (QM); in particular, the concept of “observer effect” based on the
famous </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/How-can-a-single-electron-interfere-with-itself-through-a-double-slit"><span style="color: #1155cc;">double-slit experiment</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">. The concept of observation (better
understood as “measurement”) in QM is a subtle one – it is any interaction
between the quantum system and its environment which <i>leaves a record in the
environment</i>. The observer can be a device (like a camera or screen) or even
another particle; it does not have to be a “conscious” entity. More on this
age-old debate </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-constitutes-observation-in-quantum-mechanics"><span style="color: #1155cc;">here</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> and </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-best-way-to-explain-the-observer-effect-in-quantum-physics-to-a-layman"><span style="color: #1155cc;">here</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">To get science across to the layperson,
scientists must provide interpretations in plain English. This is hard enough
to do in the case of QM, which is highly mathematical and difficult to explain
in terms of anything familiar (in fact it’s downright weird). To make things
worse, we have plenty of ideologues waiting to take advantage of the fact that
words in English (or any human language) don’t have meanings that are
unambiguous and context-free, which allows them to twist meanings of words to
support whatever it is they want to believe and want others to believe. It
seems like a Catch-22 - be misinterpreted or be ignored! Perhaps we need fewer
scientists and more science popularizers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="margin: 0.4in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Written by Ambar Nag.</span></b></h1>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ambarnag@gmail.com</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(Concluded)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-86345774948189702272019-02-28T12:34:00.001+05:302019-03-01T16:11:24.915+05:30A Cognitive Toolkit for the Rationalist. 5/6: The Big Q<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 11:
Non-overlapping magisteria</span></strong></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2008316;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Science provides real answers to the “big questions”</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Let’s say we are trying to answer the question</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">is it going to rain in New Delhi tomorrow?”. And let’s pretend that
there are no nuances in the way this question could be interpreted. It is a
clear, unambiguous question with only two possible answers</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">yes</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">no</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. Now imagine that two contestants, A and B, are recruited to report a
daily forecast to a scorekeeper.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Contestant A believes that rain is predicted by temperature, humidity,
air pressure, wind speed etc. She is able to measure each of these using
calibrated instruments. At the end of each day she feeds data into a computer
model, and reports the answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Contestant B believes that rain is caused by a Rain God who makes note
of our actions, can be propitiated with certain rituals etc. Predicting whether
it will rain or not then becomes a question of being able to represent the
mental states (desires and intentions) of the Rain God.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">We have no <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">a
priori</span></em> preference for either of these methods. In fact, we
have no interest in the underlying mechanism (or beliefs), only in the
predictions. The scorekeeper can tell us at the end of one year, whose
forecasts were more accurate on average. The advantage of setting up the
contest in this manner lies in the fact that the contestants must produce <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">falsifiable </span></em>theories
in order to succeed (see Chapter 2). The predictions can be falsified because
they pertain to a <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">specific,
unknown outcome</span></em>. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">It is not
good enough to explain the event “after the fact</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i>; i.e. it rained yesterday
because…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Now, I would like to assert this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the process or method which comes up with the most
empirically accurate answers to simple questions (of the kind posed to our
contestants) will be the one which eventually comes up with the most
empirically accurate answers to the “big questions” (origins, purposes,
consciousness, free will…). The reason is simple. The process is fine-tuned for
producing theories that yield truthful answers. If we want theories to give us
truthful answers, we must allow them to make falsifiable predictions, otherwise
there is no way to weed out hypotheses that don’t fit the facts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Religion and spirituality produce no falsifiable predictions. Studies
show that people tend to restate their beliefs in more unfalsifiable terms when
presented with facts that contradict their beliefs, and this applies especially
to political and religious beliefs. Which suggests that unfalsifiability can
work as a defence against contradicting evidence that may lead to (what else?)
falsification.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">But if religion and spirituality are no good for producing truths, then
what are they good for? The answer, (according to the field of “memetics”) is…
survival and propagation! Religion and spirituality are products of “cultural
evolution”. Cultural evolution happens not through genes but through <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">memes</span></em>, a concept
introduced by Dawkins. Memes shape the cultural traits of our societies rather
than the physical traits of individuals. And this happens orders of magnitude
faster than genetic evolution. Language, for instance, is a result of cultural
evolution, and words are memes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why are religion and spirituality particularly good at survival and
propagation? One reason that comes to mind is that they are over-optimistic.
It’s easy to see why we would <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">want</span></em> to
believe in certain things</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">heaven and hell, eternal soul, reincarnation etc. If beliefs that make
us feel good about ourselves are more likely to take root than beliefs that
correspond to reality, then the fairy tales produced by religion and
spirituality are “fitter” for propagation than the bleak, brutal description of
Nature presented in Chapters 6 and 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Then there is the claim that our ethics and morality derive from
religion, a claim strongly opposed by Christopher Hitchens, Sam Harris and
others. Richard Dawkins makes the following argument against this view in his
film (and book) <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
God Delusion</span></em></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: T</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">he
scriptures of each of the major religions contain at least a few moral
guidelines that are at odds with modern values and laws; e.g. issues relating
to the status of women, homosexuality etc. Modern societies are able to then,
pick and choose the moral guidelines from scriptures, rejecting ones that are
in conflict with current thinking on these issues. On what basis would they be
able to do this, if societies did not already possess ethics and morality that
are <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">independent</span></em> of
scriptures?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Next, scientific theories are criticized as being reductionistic.
Various holistic explanations are offered as alternatives, but many of these
turn out on closer examination to be simply </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/6i3zToomS86oj9bS6/mysterious-answers-to-mysterious-questions" target="_blank">mysterious answers to mysterious questions</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. On the other hand, living things <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">have</span></em> turned out to
be so intractable in their complexity that they are only in theory, reducible
to simple parts and interactions between simple parts. The rationalist must be
content then, with a <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">reductionistic
faith</span></em>, as we admitted in Chapter 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yMM1C50U1m4/XHeHwgCaqRI/AAAAAAAAGew/KfHOatJwOeMgKLSsVaeSryKqWJyhsMcBACLcBGAs/s1600/section%2B5%2Bimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="205" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yMM1C50U1m4/XHeHwgCaqRI/AAAAAAAAGew/KfHOatJwOeMgKLSsVaeSryKqWJyhsMcBACLcBGAs/s400/section%2B5%2Bimage.jpg" width="332" /></a></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "tahoma" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5859e85dd2b8571a0a859309/t/5865edcd14fd83ac4f161ab2/1483075246872/god-joke.gif" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5859e85dd2b8571a0a859309/t/5865edcd14fd83ac4f161ab2/1483075246872/god-joke.gif</span></a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Finally, the notion of “non-overlapping magisteria” has been invoked
(and continues to be invoked) to claim that religion, spirituality and
philosophy try to answer questions that are <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">beyond the scope of science</span></em></span><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">big questions</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. I hope the kind
of questions addressed in Chapters 6 through 10 will serve to persuade us that
this is a wrong claim. If not, a return to faith belief needs only a hop and a
skip as follows —</span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The “big questions” can <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">never</span></em> be
answered by science<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Therefore, we need to look towards religion and spirituality
for the answers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">These answers are stated in unfalsifiable terms which
means any talk of evidence is off the table<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Therefore we should accept them on faith and reject
other, contradictory answers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Is it possible to defend the claim that certain questions (the “big
questions”) are <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">fundamentally
different</span></em> from other questions and therefore not subject to
scientific enquiry? No, because that would amount to a Mind Projection Fallacy
(from Chapter 2). Questions, or the thing/process they refer to, are not
inherently mysterious. It is the degree of our ignorance about them which make
them more or less mysterious. The reason some things or processes can remain
mysterious for centuries is because of their complexity. We have only recently
devised the tools and methods to handle such complexity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 12:
Putting it together<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2008344;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Getting rid of excess baggage</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The upshot of Chapters 10 and 11 is that we are all programmed with
certain cognitive biases</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">intentional stance, decoupled cognition etc. These adaptations were
crucial to the survival of our ancestors in a hostile environment, so natural
selection included them in our problem-solving toolkit along with heart, lungs,
brain, eyes etc. Over time these have been subverted into belief systems that
we are able to retrospectively analyse within the framework of Neo-Darwinism.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">All this is starting to sound a little academic. For a materialistic
worldview it doesn’t seem very material. Is there anything <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">usable</span></em> the
aspiring Rationalist can take away from all this? I certainly hope so. Here are
some cognitive tools that can help in busting many a myth -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Things happen even with no one to make them happen</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Intentional language
creeps in even where it is least appropriate. Like, the gene </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">wants</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> to replicate itself. It does not. Or, this is how </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Nature</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> works. Nature is not a thing or person. But there is no
way to explain certain concepts without the use of such metaphors. As long as
the metaphors are not taken to be how the process actually works, there won’t
be any miscommunication. But we first have to get used to the notion that in
the natural world, things just happen with no one to <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">make</span></em> them
happen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Be skeptical of moral arguments</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Let</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s reemphasize what we said at the start of
Chapter 9. An explanation of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">how things work</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> which begins with an assumption of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">how things ought to work</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> is very likely to be a wrong explanation.
The universe doesn</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t care about our petty
notions of right and wrong and will not conform to them. To cite an example</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">group selection</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> was at one point advanced as a theory to explain
evolutionary traits of species. After all, individuals can be expected to
sacrifice self-interest and act in the larger interest of the group, right?
Wrong. As it turns out, even <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><a href="https://www.edge.org/conversation/steven_pinker-the-false-allure-of-group-selection" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">altruistic
behaviour</span></a></span></span> is modelled more accurately starting
from individual motives. That’s why we have Game Theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Avoid the intentional stance</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">When a dog is staring at
you, what might it be </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">thinking</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">? In my experience, one of four things</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">am I or have I food, am
I potentially harmful, am I a potential mate, am I an enemy? Unless there is
evidence of <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">rational intent</span></em> actually
being present, we should assume it is absent. This is hard to do for cultural
reasons. Anthropomorphism of animals and machines is commonplace, most evident
in children’s cartoons. Anthropomorphic gods and goddesses are present in
Hinduism, among other cultures. Even what we now know as electricity, the
Greeks attributed to <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><a href="https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/zeus/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">Zeus</span></a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The Universe has no built-in reasons and purposes</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Some people believe that
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">everything happens for a reason</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. What they really mean is everything happens
for a </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">good</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> reason, even when that is far from evident. It is a
silly notion, just like the idea of every person being created with a
predefined purpose (“teleology”). Reasons and purposes apply only to Human-made
artefacts. As for us, we are Nature-made and we each make our own purpose. Or
in the words of Sartre, “Man is condemned to be free”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Don’t be a dinosaur</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Most folks have no
qualms about getting rid of old technology and learning to use new technology.
The fact that old tech is replaced by new tech must be because the new tech
is <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">better</span></em> (in a utilitarian sense). The same argument
should apply to new ideas but does not. Why? Because existing beliefs block new
ideas that are not consistent with them, as we saw in Chapters 3 and 4. There
seems to be a certain hypocrisy in lapping up the latest tech gadgets while
rejecting the ideas that make them tick. The progression of our beliefs and
worldviews are hopelessly out of sync with the progression of our tools and
technology. We are technologically advanced dinosaurs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Your gut rarely tells you anything new</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Our intuition deceives
us all the time. In fact, magic tricks and staged illusions <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">rely</span></em> on
our intuition being wrong. For example, our intuition tells us that the Sun
“rises” in the East and “sets” in the West, that the earth is flat, that a
feather falls slower than a stone etc. The reason is obvious</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">our intuition has
evolved to help us make quick decisions necessary for day-to-day survival. Not
for revealing universal truths of the cosmos. Successful scientific theories
have only rarely emerged out of pure thought (or intuition), but instead from
the analysis of real-world data. While <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">thought
experiments</span></a></span></span> have an important role in coming up
with hypotheses, it is only confirmation against experiments that gives a
hypothesis any validity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Coincidences happen</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Avoid connecting
isolated random occurrences. Some people believe that </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">there is no such thing as a coincidence</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. This is actually a restatement of the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">everything happens for a reason</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> dogma. It exploits our innate tendency for
pattern-finding. Coincidences do happen and they happen <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jun/23/fluke-the-maths-and-myths-of-conicidences-by-joseph-mazur-review" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">more often than
you expect</span></a></span></span>. There is no cosmic conspiracy at play. If
you worked out the likelihood, you may find that what happened was not so
improbable after all. And remember, <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">someone’s </span></em>got to win the lottery
even though the odds of it being <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">you</span></em> may be very small indeed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Written by Ambar Nag.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ambarnag@gmail.com</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(Continued in Part 6)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-19377993446034380742019-02-28T10:45:00.002+05:302019-03-01T16:13:41.761+05:30A Cognitive Toolkit for the Rationalist. 4/6: Be Humble, B**ch<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><b>Chapter 9: The
fine-tuned Universe</b></span></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2008019;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A universe not made for us</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">In J D Salinger’s 1951 novel <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
Catcher In The Rye</span></em>, 16-year old Holden Caulfield asks a New York
cab driver “what happens to the fish when the lake freezes up?”. Cabbie doesn’t
know the answer of course, so he says “<em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If
you was a fish, Mother Nature’d take care of you, wouldn’t she?</span></em>”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Actually, the entire lake doesn’t freeze. The top freezes, leaving
enough water (and oxygen) below for fish to survive the winter. Remember that
fish are “cold-blooded”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">they don</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t have to maintain a body temperature different from
their surroundings. This is one of the arguments in favour of a “fine-tuned”
universe</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a world where
conditions are just right for the emergence of not just life but intelligent
life (us) and which could not be merely by chance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What is wrong with this argument?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The argument starts from a <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">moral</span></em> value
(all life is precious and worth preserving) and uses it to explain an observed
fact (fish are able to survive the winter despite the freezing of the lake).
Most explanations of “how things work” that begin with a moral judgment of “how
things should be” end up providing a wrong explanation. A materialist
explanation for the same fact might go somewhat like this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the very fact that we find fish in a lake implies that
the lake could not completely freeze over. A lake that freezes completely,
would not have any fish. They would have died in the winter and you would not
be seeing them in the summer. So there is no need to assume that <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">someone </span></em>is looking
out for the fish… and for us by extension.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The fine-tuned Universe does actually find an echo in science, namely
the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/anthropic-principle.htm" target="_blank">weak anthropic principle</a></span></span>. There is no doubt
that a number of fairly strict conditions must prevail for our kind of
(carbon-based) life to exist; e.g. appropriate distance from the Sun,
approximately circular orbit, large neighbour planet (Jupiter) acting as a
“shield” and so on. But given a billion billion stars (with planets) it doesn’t
seem too much to assume this unlikely combination of favourable factors on at
least <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">one</span></em> planet
(ours). And <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">given
that we are here</span></em>, conditions <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">had</span></em> to be just right. Which is
different from saying that conditions were made just right <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">so that</span></em> we
(humans) could end up here</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">this being the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">strong anthropic principle</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Here’s a hypothetical conversation with an eight-year old -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Q: What are cows for?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A: To give us milk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Q: What are trees for?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A: To give us fruit to eat (or wood to make houses out of)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Q: What are rivers for?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A: To give us water (or to run boats on)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Now coming back to the question “what is the purpose of our existence?”
let’s ask instead “what is the purpose of a mosquito’s existence?”. From the
point of view of the mosquito, we already know the answer</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the mosquito is a survival machine whose purpose is to
survive and multiply. But when asked from a human perspective the answer
doesn’t seem obvious at all. After all, if cows are “for” giving us milk,
mosquitoes must be “for” giving us malaria! The confusion arises because of
our <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">anthropocentric
view</span></em> of the world. It tries to draw a line on one side of
which lies the human species and on the other side, all other species. This
seems arrogant considering the claim of common descent of all species that we
made in Chapter 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zaCsm-BhQz8/XHdt-UqkpJI/AAAAAAAAGek/y71j0alQJqw8S-8UoF5QduHQKEO05FKNgCLcBGAs/s1600/section%2B4%2Bimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="217" data-original-width="234" height="368" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zaCsm-BhQz8/XHdt-UqkpJI/AAAAAAAAGek/y71j0alQJqw8S-8UoF5QduHQKEO05FKNgCLcBGAs/s400/section%2B4%2Bimage.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://consequencesoftheanthropocene.wordpress.com/gallery/" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">https://consequencesoftheanthropocene.wordpress.com/gallery/</span></a></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The anthropocentric view may be a relatively recent one in the
evolution of the human species. It may have emerged after our survival as a
species became, or seemed to become, more or less guaranteed, barring
self-destruction. For most of human history (about one million years), the
survival of the human species was far from certain</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">several hominin (human-like) species became extinct before
we Homo Sapiens became a dominant species on the planet. But as humans who were
born recently (last 50,000 years), we may have found our environment to be
(miraculously) tailor-made for our existence. We may have found everything,
living and non-living, to show apparent signs of having been deliberately
“designed” and “created” for our benefit. Here’s <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://dohawali.wordpress.com/2013/06/24/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%9C%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%86/" target="_blank">another example</a></span></span>, this time from a 15th
century Indian poet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Now let’s see if we can do better than our eight-year old friend at
“biocentric” thinking (the opposite of anthropocentric)…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Q: Why are fruit round, fleshy and sweet?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Q: Why do we sneeze when we have a cold?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Q: How did dog come to be man’s best friend?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It’s time to dispel yet another <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.mysteryofindia.com/2014/10/dashavatar-darwins-evolution.html" target="_blank">misinterpretation</a></span></span> of the theory of
evolution. Which is that evolution is some kind of <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">progression</span></em> from
“lower” to “higher” life-forms culminating in the human species. It most
certainly is not. The <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.evogeneao.com/learn/tree-of-life" target="_blank">tree of
life</a></span></span> does have a hierarchy based on common descent, with
more complex species (dolphins, chimpanzees, <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">homo sapiens</span></em>) entering the stage later.
It could be because more complex “designs” are less likely to evolve or <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">less stable</span></em>. They
would have come into existence after the more obvious ways of making a living
(ecological niches) were already “taken” by their simpler ancestors. There is
nothing to imply that more complex species were somehow the <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">end goal</span></em> of the
process of evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Incidentally, the subtitle of this chapter refers to a <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIANk7zQ05w" target="_blank">video</a></span></span> narrated
by Carl Sagan which explores this question from a cosmological angle. It leads
us to the same humbling conclusion</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the fact that the Universe exists has nothing to do
with <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">us</span></em>.
We humans (and life in general) just happen to be a feature of it, albeit a
quite special feature. But science has by now dismantled the notion that we are
central to the Universe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">We seem to have established that shedding the anthropocentric position
is necessary in order to “think straight” within a Neo-Darwinist framework. But
how did we come to have an anthropocentric worldview?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1 style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
</h1>
<h1 style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 10: The
Intentional Stance<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2008279;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Don’t go looking for your Purpose in the Stars</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">There is no doubt that certain things <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">do</span></em> have a predefined purpose. These
things are all human-made objects. A car, phone and computer each have a
purpose which is the use for which it was designed and created by a human. But
all life-forms are <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">evolved</i>, not
designed. They are the result of the blind, purposeless process of evolution by
natural selection. The conclusion is this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the question of purpose (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">what is it for</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">) is meaningful only for human-made artefacts and <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">meaningless</span></em> in
the context of Nature.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Dawkins, in his lecture series <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mT4EWCRfdUg&t=873s" target="_blank">The
purpose of purpose</a></span></span>, introduces the notion of archaeo-purpose
vs neo-purpose. The latter refers to adaptations (like the ability to set
“goals”) that originally evolved to further the cause of our survival but which
seem to have been subverted later. For example, an affinity for sugar and fat
would have been important for our survival at a time when calories, both ready
and stored, were precious. But because evolution happens over geological time,
our genes cannot adapt immediately to the surplus availability of calories. The
result? Coke and McDonald’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Let’s revisit the question we asked in Chapter 8 but deferred
answering. If our purpose as survival machines is “merely” to survive and
multiply, then why do we <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">feel</span></em> as
if we have some other, “higher” purpose? It could be that for an individual
whose survival is almost guaranteed (again, a fairly recent circumstance),
certain sub-goals branching out from the end goal of survival-reproduction have
been subverted and now appear to be end goals. How else would you persuade a
suicide bomber to blow themselves up? A similar line of reasoning can help
explain in evolutionary biological terms, pursuits like music (which birds also
engage in) and sports (which dogs sort of engage in). For a more general (and
more advanced) discussion on why there is a gap between how the world <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">feels</span></em> versus how
the world <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">is</span></em>,
see <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Mc6QcrsbH5NRXbCRX/dissolving-the-question" target="_blank">here</a></span></span> and <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/a7n8GdKiAZRX86T5A/making-beliefs-pay-rent-in-anticipated-experiences" target="_blank">here</a></span></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The ability to spot patterns in data (visual or otherwise) has proved a
powerful adaptation contributing a great deal to our success as a species. For
example, our brains are hardwired to recognize faces. Even a crude :-) is
instantly interpreted as a smiling face. But are we also similarly hardwired to
find Reasons and Purposes everywhere, even when none exist? It may be something
we have evolved, and Dan Dennett calls it the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_stance">Intentional Stance</a></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">attributing rationality, beliefs, desires and intentions
(in short attributing <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">minds</span></em>)
to agents (other humans, animals, machines, ourselves) to explain their
behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9T2umUoY00A" target="_blank">Andy Thomson</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> calls this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hyperactive
Agency Detection</i>. Even babies and animals are able to perceive
self-propelled movement differently from dependent movement, which demonstrates
an instinctive ability to detect agency. It’s easy to see how we came to be
programmed with this cognitive bias. Suppose you are walking in the grass and
hear a rustling sound. Now, it could be a snake or it could just be the wind.
If you mistake the wind for a snake you just laugh and keep walking (“false
positive”). But mistaking a snake for the wind could prove fatal (“false
negative”). Minimizing false negatives in this case is a “safe” strategy which
is coded into our instincts via natural selection. But taking an intentional
stance with respect to natural events produces superstition (and absurd notions
like the ones we encountered in Chapters 1 and 2) by attributing agency to
non-agents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It can also lead to embarrassment. At a time when lightning was
attributed to the wrath of God, it was observed that in any town, the church
was more likely to be hit by lightning than any other
structure (including the brothel, gambling house and tavern…). Eventually science came to the rescue when Benjamin Franklin invented the
lightning rod in 1749.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Stepping outside the Darwinian world for a moment, here’s another idea
that runs contrary to our everyday experience</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Newton</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s law of inertia states that a body in uniform motion
will continue to be in uniform motion. It replaced Aristotle’s wrong notion
that the “natural state” of any body is to be at rest (never mind with respect
to <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">what</span></em>)
and that a force must be constantly applied to keep it in motion. Newton’s laws
of motion are today taken for granted, no questions asked. But this change in
thinking has a deeper significance, which is this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">every change need not have a <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">cause</span></em> or driving
force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JsKwyRFiYY" target="_blank">Sean Carroll</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> states this as follows</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">while the principle of cause and effect is a useful way
of thinking about things at a macro level (our everyday experience), physicists
don</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t need to assume causes and effects to explain things at a fundamental
(i.e. particle) level. In other words, causality is an <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">emergent macroscopic phenomenon</span></em>.
It is related to the notion of <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKbJ9leUNDE" target="_blank">entropy and
the arrow of time</a></span></span> which we will not go over in detail
here. In fact, the 18th century philosopher <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www2.onu.edu/~m-dixon/100/Causation.html" target="_blank">David
Hume</a></span></span> developed purely logical arguments against
causality without reference to particle physics (which wasn’t around at the
time).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Our minds, aided by language, also have another ability</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">displaced reference</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. This allows us to refer to an object or person that is
not present, in the third person. It could even be a dead person or a non-existent
“person” (say Spiderman). Andy Thomson calls this <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Decoupled Cognition</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the ability to imagine <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">minds</span></em> that
are separate from bodies. This is useful for us to imagine situations that
involve other people, to predict what might happen and to formulate a strategy.
It seems to be a uniquely human trait. We are so used to this trick that you
may even be thinking “what’s wrong with that?”. Well, minds <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">cannot</span></em> exist
separate from bodies. Minds separate from bodies have many names</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ghosts, spirits, soul etc. But just because we have the
ability to imagine them doesn’t mean they are <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">real </span></em>(recall Mind Projection
Fallacy from Chapter 2).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What about artificial intelligence (AI)? Can they not be considered
minds separate from bodies? This question will be addressed in Chapter 13.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Written by Ambar Nag.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ambarnag@gmail.com</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(Continued in Part 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-18879547268305273842019-02-26T19:23:00.000+05:302019-03-01T16:14:24.778+05:30A Cognitive Toolkit for the Rationalist. 3/6: Neo-Darwinism<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b>Chapter 6: Survival machines</b></span></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2007842;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Where did we come from and why are we here?</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">While the basic mechanism of evolution by natural
selection was described by Darwin over 150 years ago in <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The Origin of Species</span></em>,
the theory has made a lot of progress and accumulated piles of evidence since
then. Here’s a very brief recap (which you should feel free to skip over if
you’re quite familiar).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Living organisms have descended with modifications from
species that lived before them by a process of Natural Selection.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A species is a
population of organisms that interbreeds; e.g. homo sapiens.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Individuals of a
species have heritable traits in the form of “genes”. These are modified by
random mutations and the modified genes are passed onto offspring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">More organisms are
produced than can survive and this creates competition for resources<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Some modifications
afford an advantage to the individual to whom they were passed on. These
individuals are better adapted to survive and reproduce in their environment
than others, thereby passing on copies of their modified genes to the next
generation (“natural selection”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Meanwhile, the
advantageous adaptations are </span><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">further</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> enhanced by the same process acting on future
generations (“cumulative selection”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Every species
occupies a </span><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">unique</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> ecological niche, in which it makes a living. If it did not, it
would be driven to extinction by competition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">While the tenets of the theory of evolution are few and
simple, biologists still need to come up with clever, creative explanations for
specific traits observed in species. In fact, it was the need for an
overarching logic to explain hundreds of such observations that led Darwin to
propose his theory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Some interesting ones:<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">How come cheetahs
can run so fast?</span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why are some trees
so tall? Why as in “how come”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why do peacocks
(but not peahens) have such spectacular tails?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why do most
species have exactly <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2007/09/why-are-there-only-two-sexes.html" target="_blank">two sexes</a></span>?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.quora.com/According-to-the-theory-of-evolution-why-do-we-die-Not-how-we-die-but-either-why-it-is-more-advantageous-to-die-or-why-its-impossible-to-circumvent-death-despite-the-inclination-to-survive/answer/Suzanne-Sadedin?ch=10&share=6f4ea5e7&srid=gRd2" target="_blank">Why do we die?</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> (Warning: mind-bender!)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fy1X-gG-MnU/XHVEFLLjAaI/AAAAAAAAGeY/cEWTan37B2cxOJRloMab3HNWJsWS3ZDOQCLcBGAs/s1600/section%2B3%2Bimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="276" height="424" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fy1X-gG-MnU/XHVEFLLjAaI/AAAAAAAAGeY/cEWTan37B2cxOJRloMab3HNWJsWS3ZDOQCLcBGAs/s640/section%2B3%2Bimage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://www.whats-your-sign.com/peacock-symbolism.html"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">https://www.whats-your-sign.com/peacock-symbolism.html</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">These and many other observations are explained in terms
of quite fascinating concepts like “arms race” and “sexual selection” in
Richard Dawkins’ famous book <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
Selfish Gene</span></em>, the central idea of which we shall now turn to. Since
Darwin, there has been a lot of debate on what is the entity on which natural
selection acts, i.e. what does it “select”? Is it the entire species, or groups,
or individuals, or something even smaller, something more fundamental?
The <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" target="_blank">current thinking</a></span></span> is that natural
selection acts on <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">genes</span></em>.
But why is this important? Read on…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The fact that humans and apes had a common ancestor (note
that apes are our “cousins”, we did not evolve <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">from</span></em> apes), is well known. But if
we trace the ancestor of every known species, it turns out that all life on
earth evolved from single-cell bacteria-like life-forms, which are themselves
thought to have descended from even simpler, self-replicating molecules
(“replicators”). Our genes are the present-day descendants of these
replicators. According to the selfish-gene theory, our bodies (i.e. we)
are <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">survival
machines</span></em> put together by the coalition of genes that reside in
them to aid <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">their</span></em> survival
and propagation. To enforce or encourage behaviour which furthers their goal,
our genes have built into our bodies rewards in the form of pleasure (e.g.
sweet taste in mouth, orgasm), punishment in the form of pain, and indeed every
trait that we find in ourselves, including the most powerful adaptation of all</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">our minds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">While Evolution is a scientific theory that is
relatively easy to understand (compared to say General Relativity or Quantum
Mechanics which are highly mathematical), there are a few misconceptions that
just refuse to go away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">One of the biggest misinterpretations of evolution is
that it describes a “random” process. Without random gene mutations, there can
be no design improvement, but the process of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">selection</i> is not random. It <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">systematically
</span></em>filters the adaptations that are best suited to thrive in the given
environment, the filter being death of certain individuals and survival of
other individuals (“differential survival”).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why don’t we “see” evolution happening? The reason is
that evolution happens on a <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">geological</span></em> time-scale.
The very first lifeforms appeared on our planet about 3.5 billion (that’s
3,500,000,000) years ago. But our brains are adapted (again, by evolution) to
analyse events that happen on much shorter time-scales, nearabout the average
human lifespan of less than 100 years. We can only analyse (but not <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">imagine</span></em>) what is
possible on a geological time-scale in terms of abstract models. This is one of
the barriers to people’s acceptance of evolution as a fact, other than
ideological resistance from religious groups which we will examine in Chapter
8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It is also critical to understand that evolution is
an <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/rationality/an-alien-god" target="_blank">unguided</a></span></span> or
“blind” process. It has no predefined goal and no foresight. The replicator
replicates not because it <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">wants</span></em> to,
but because it has an inherent tendency to. At a fundamental level, this
process is like how hydrogen + oxygen + a spark gives us water + an explosion,
though self-replication is a much more <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKubyIRiN84&vl=en" target="_blank">complex</a>
</span></span>chemical reaction. The point is, the replicator does not <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">consciously</span></em> replicate
itself any more than hydrogen and oxygen atoms consciously combine to form
water. A single molecule (or for that matter, a bacterium) is not complex
enough to have a mind</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">and therefore not complex enough to have intentions, desires etc. We
will explore this train of thought further in Chapter 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It is in this respect that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">natural</i> selection is fundamentally different from <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">artificial selection</span></em>,
the process of selectively breeding domesticated animals and plants for
desirable attributes. A French poodle or chihuahua couldn’t possibly survive in
the wild. But if artificial selection proceeds by the guiding hand of humans,
then “who” guides natural selection? If the answer is “no one” then how can a
blind process produce such purposeful design? The answer to this question is
not simple and occupies much of Chapters 7 and 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Meanwhile, here’s an example of a “blind” process of
trial and error that can produce clever and highly effective designs. In oral
traditions of boat-building (I was fortunate to have witnessed <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/uru-craft-ship-building/73" target="_blank">one</a></span></span>), knowledge is passed on to the next
generation by word of mouth. Accidental (or wilful) changes to the existing
design of boats may turn out to be better in some cases and worse in others.
The boats that happen to have the inferior modifications sink, while those that
happen to have the superior modifications come back and <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">are copied</span></em>. After
many generations, the boat-makers may not be able to tell us why they make the
boats the way they do. But it’s evident that the boats work extremely well.
That is, they are fit for a purpose. The analogy with evolution should be
obvious but I’ll still spell it out</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the ocean is the environment (Nature), the boats are
individuals of species, the modifications are gene mutations. Dan Dennett calls
this </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">competence without
comprehension</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">” and many more such ideas can
be found in his recent book <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">From
Bacteria to Bach and Back</span></em>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 7: Something from nothing<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2007905;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A materialistic
theory of Origins may be within the reach of science</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">This chapter
introduces some of the theories and concepts that we will need, to be able to
assimilate the arguments that follow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Top down vs bottom
up processes</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: Rather than trying to
provide definitions, let me cite some examples of each. A communist economy is
a top down economic system. The state owns all productive assets and a central
planning authority decides how much of each good or service shall be produced
to meet the needs of society in an “optimal” manner. A market economy, on the
other hand, is a bottom up economic system. Individual firms and households
decide what is best for themselves. Prices act as signals which balance the
demand for goods and services against their supply.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Most corporate
management is top down</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">decisions made at each level flow down to the levels below. Open source
software communities are bottom up</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">each individual is free to decide what (and how much)
they would like to contribute. Computer languages are developed by a top down
process</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">syntactical rules
are synthesized by a few programmers and then adopted by everyone. Human (or
natural) languages evolve by a bottom up process. No one <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/nov/26/mainsection.saturday31" target="_blank">intelligently designs</a></span></span> a human language.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">TL;DR: Bottom up
processes are unsupervised (or “blind”). Unlike top down processes, they have
no central control. And, coming to the point</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">evolution is bottom up, Creation is top down. Bottom up
is the way of Nature, top down is the way of Humans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">There is a related
concept which will also be useful to understand</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kllwof87kR0" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">self-organizing systems</span></a></span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. Again, examples will be more useful than definitions here. Crystals
and snowflakes spontaneously form into extremely orderly shapes. Birds
spontaneously flock and form V-shaped flying formations. Walking trails in the
wilderness (“<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire_path" target="_blank">desire path</a>s</span></span>”)
develop as visible trails attract more traffic. Cities and other human
settlements spontaneously come up and grow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">All of these are
examples of spontaneous order arising from an initially disordered state.
“Spontaneous” here has the usual meaning, i.e. not requiring any external
control. We are likely to be much more familiar with top down processes because
that is how most <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">human </span></em>institutions
function. So when we see order (as in non-random arrangement) we think order
(as in decree or command). It’s just one of those biases in our language that
inhibit our understanding of how Nature works (more on this in Chapter 10).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">By the way,
self-organization does not happen in general but only under (very) special
conditions. Order cannot always emerge from disorder. In fact the Second Law of
Thermodynamics (<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTFY0H4EZx4" target="_blank">SLT</a></span></span>)
says precisely the opposite for an isolated system</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the tendency of a system is always towards a more
disorderly state or higher “entropy”. But such a statement of
SLT applies only to an </span><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">isolated</span></em><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> system</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">order <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">can</i>
emerge from disorder in an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">open</i>
system, i.e. one that can exchange energy or mass with its surroundings. In
this case entropy can decrease </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">locally</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> as long as total entropy increases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16W7c0mb-rE&t=375s" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Emergence</span></a></span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: Not an easy concept to grasp but here are some
definitions -</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 0in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 0in;">When a large collection of simple (and similar) things
comes to have properties not present in the simple things themselves</span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">When “more is different” or “the whole is more than the
sum of its parts”</span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 0in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 0in;">When complexity spontaneously arises from simplicity</span></div>
</div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Emergence cannot
be explained in terms of the properties of the simple things but in terms
of <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">interactions</span></em> among
them. The number of possible interactions in any system increases exponentially
with the number of elements in it</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">think number of possible handshakes in a group. And that’s how a whole
can be more than the sum of its parts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Here are some
examples -</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 0in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><em style="text-indent: 0in;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Wetness of water</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt; text-indent: 0in;">: there is nothing “wet” about a single water
molecule. Wetness of water is a property that emerges when a large number of
water molecules are spread on a surface.</span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Social insects</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: Ants, bees and termites live in humongous
colonies comprising of thousands (sometimes millions) of individuals. The
entire colony behaves in an apparently goal-driven, purposeful manner,
achieving <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG-QZOTc5_Q" target="_blank">amazing feats</a></span> of
organization. But each individual ant, bee or termite possesses <span class="MsoHyperlink"><a href="http://theantroom.blogspot.com/2006/11/ant-death-spiral.html" target="_blank">very low
intelligence</a></span>; and yet all this is achieved without any
central control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Heat</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: It was thought till the mid-1800’s that heat is some
kind of invisible fluid which flows from hot to cold bodies (the “caloric”
theory). We now understand heat in terms of the kinetic energy of the molecules
of a body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Life</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: It was around the same time that living organisms were
thought to contain some invisible “substance” or “force” that was absent in
inanimate objects (“vitalism”). The modern conception is that the chemistry of
life is not fundamentally different from other chemistry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What is the
importance of the last two examples? It is this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">if a behaviour (or property) can be explained in terms
of another known property (or explained as an <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">emergent</span></em> property), then there is
no need to assume a new <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">fundamental
</span></em>property. Occam’s Razor favours this.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Of course, just
explaining a phenomenon as “emergent” from this or that does not by
itself <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/s/5uZQHpecjn7955faL/p/8QzZKw9WHRxjR4948" target="_blank">add to our understanding</a></span></span> of it. The
mechanism by which the macro behaviour (e.g. of the ant colony) emerges from
the interactions of individual units (e.g. ants) needs to be explained in
sufficient detail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Abiogenesis</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: This is the theory of how life could have (actually,
must have) emerged from non-living matter. The most popular theory, advanced in
the 1960's says that the first self-replicating molecules (“replicators”) may
have been RNA molecules which catalysed the production of more RNA molecules
(the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128251-300-first-life-the-search-for-the-first-replicator/" target="_blank">RNA world</a></span></span> theory), though this is now
increasingly <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-end-of-the-rna-world-is-near-biochemists-argue-20171219/" target="_blank">in doubt</a></span></span>. The <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNijmxsKGbc" target="_blank">Miller-Urey</a></span></span> experiment
in the 1950’s tried to simulate the “primordial soup” in the lab</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the conditions that were thought to exist on earth about
3.5 billion years ago. They found that more than half of the 20 amino acids
common to all life had formed spontaneously within just a week. Once the first
replicator formed, evolution by natural selection would have kicked in… we know
the rest from Chapter 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/a-new-thermodynamics-theory-of-the-origin-of-life-20140122/" target="_blank">Recent research in physics</a></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> suggests that the tendency for random collections of atoms to
form replicators may be explained by thermodynamics (recall earlier reference
to SLT). Any system that receives energy from an external source (e.g. Sun) and
can expel heat into a surrounding “bath” (e.g. ocean or atmosphere) will tend
to dissipate increasing amounts of heat over time via self-replication</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a process referred to as <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">dissipation-driven</span></em> <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">adaptation</span></em>. The
implication is that the appearance of replicators, far from being a chance
happening, could have been inevitable given the conditions on a young earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Flat Universe</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: The observation that the universe has exactly enough
matter (including dark matter) to slow down its expansion but never quite stop
it. While this is a statement of how the universe will end, it has another
implication</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the universe has a
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">net energy</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> of zero, with gravity constituting negative energy.
That means, according to Quantum Mechanics, it is a universe that could
have <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">come out of
nothing</span></em>. This logical leap assumes familiarity with several <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/nov/10/what-is-heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle" target="_blank">quantum physics concepts</a></span></span> which I would
not like to go over. Fortunately <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ImvlS8PLIo&t=47s" target="_blank">Lawrence
Krauss</a></span></span> explains the idea of the flat universe quite
nicely, so we can now move on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 8: The myth of creation<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2007963;"></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What kind of
answers do we find satisfying?</span></em><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">We are now in a
position to summarise what we have as the elements of a purely materialistic
answer to the question of “how the world came to be” -<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The idea of a Flat Universe implies that our universe
could have come into existence out of “nothing”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The process of Abiogenesis describes how the earliest
life could have emerged from nonliving matter<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Evolution takes over from there to explain how the vast
variety of complex life that we now see could have come from the first
self-replicating molecule<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Of course, we
cannot claim that each of these theories stand on equally firm ground. In fact
the first two statements are, at this point, fairly speculative and it wouldn’t
be fair to even call them theories. Evolution, on the other hand, is a theory
so firmly established that it is regarded as scientific fact. The important
thing is that each of these theories is evidence-based. While religions of the
world provide their own <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_creation_myths" target="_blank">creation
myths</a></span></span>, these are inconsistent with each other. You believe
the one you grew up with. But there is one thing common to all creation myths
and that is <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">intent</span></em> (more
on this in Chapter 10). What we have from science is not one more creation
myth. Over time, as more evidence accumulates, it will seem as “obvious” as the
fact that the earth goes around the sun</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a theory that took more than <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism" target="_blank">a thousand
years</a></span></span> to establish from the time it was first proposed
by Aristarchus of Samos.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Even setting aside
#1 and #2 and accepting #3 (evolution), the conclusion is inescapable</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">we have effectively eliminated the <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">need</span></em> for
assuming an intelligent creator of life on earth. People who continue to
believe in a creator must do so for reasons other than wanting to know the
truth about “how things (we) came to be the way they (we) are”. That question
has already been answered and the answer has no place for a creator. The myth
of creation could be just that</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">a myth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">While we can
assert that there is no need to invoke a creator, we cannot <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">prove </span></em>its
non-existence (we know why from Chapter 2). And neither can we appeal to
evidence: For two reasons</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">first, we already saw in Chapter 4 how beliefs are immune to
(contradictory) evidence. And second, eventually every debate which cites
evidence is bound to turn extremely technical. There is a limit to how much
evidence and counter-evidence even a Rationalist, given the time and
inclination, can go over. Instead here are my <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">a priori</span></em> reasons for choosing the
materialistic worldview -<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It is a bottom up explanation; i.e. it explains
limitless complexity starting from extremely simple beginnings. The mechanisms
are described in Chapters 7 and 8.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It explains the unknown in terms of the known. In other
words, it does not invoke undefined agents which are left to the imagination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It does not rest on moral judgments or contain any
specific cultural references. In other words, it is universal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">
</span><br />
<div class="graf" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; margin: 0in 0in 12pt; text-indent: 4.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It is self-consistent. Physics explains chemistry which
explains biology which explains neuroscience…</span></div>
</div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The second point
needs a bit of elaboration. It may seem that science explains the unknown only
in terms of more unknowns. After all, quarks and quasars (or neutrons and
nucleic acids) hardly feature in the layperson’s image of the world. Which is
why we would like to decide what “kind” of theory we like when it comes to
explaining the natural world, believing <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">on
faith</span></em> that the evidence for it is strong. We will revisit this
theme in Chapter 11.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Meanwhile
creationists continue their efforts to discredit evolution, substituting
ideologically motivated pseudoscience like Intelligent Design in its place.
Intelligent Design assumes that all life was created by an intelligent entity
(God) and uses the notion of “irreducible complexity” to argue against evolution</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">teleological</span></em> argument
or <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/intro_text/Chapter%203%20Religion/Teleological.htm" target="_blank">Paley’s Watchmaker</a></span></span>. While there is no
evidence in favour of Intelligent Design, the <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://nautil.us/issue/24/error/top-10-design-flaws-in-the-human-body" target="_blank">many design flaws</a></span></span> in the human body are
evidence <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">against</span></em> it.
The human eye, for instance, has a blind spot not present in the eyes of the
octopus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Several detailed
arguments against creationism and in defence of evolution can be found in
Dawkins’ second book <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The
Blind Watchmaker</span></em>. And here’s a very concise encapsulation of the
core logic, by Steven Pinker (the full article is hyperlinked in Chapter 12):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Natural selection… explains one of the greatest
mysteries in science, the illusion of design in the natural world. The core of
natural selection is that when replicators arise and make copies of themselves,
(1) their numbers will tend, under ideal conditions, to increase exponentially;
(2) they will necessarily compete for finite resources; (3) some will undergo
random copying errors (“random” in the sense that they do not anticipate their
effects in the current environment); and (4) whichever copying errors happen to
increase the rate of replication will accumulate in a lineage and predominate
in the population. After many generations of replication, the replicators will
show the appearance of design for effective replication, while in reality they
have just accumulated the copying errors that had successful replication as
their effect.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Evolution by
natural selection is the kind of “rule” that emerges in the absence of top-down
order. Consider this somewhat simplistic analogy. Streets in Indian cities are
notoriously difficult to cross, especially for people who have grown up in the
West. If you were to stop someone on the street and ask them “Excuse me, what’s
the rule for crossing the street here?” you would get this “If you see a car
approaching, don’t cross. If no car is approaching, then cross”. But you
were <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">looking</span></em> for
a rule like this “If the light is red don’t walk, if it is green then walk”.
But that kind of rule would exist only if it was put in place by a traffic
authority. Whereas the first rule is an “emergent” rule</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">it does not need any external agency to put it in place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Now, we would like
to move on to a different question, one that science was thought to not have
any answers to</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why are we here</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> or </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What is the purpose of our existence”?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The only ‘purpose’
of a survival machine (us) is to survive and pass on its genes to as many
offspring as possible while trying to ensure their survival as well. This much
should be clear from Chapter 6. It is the only meaningful answer to the
existence question. Why do we find this answer so hard to accept? Why do we
cling to fantasies instead (heaven and hell, eternal soul, rebirth, moksha…)?
While this may sound like a rhetorical question, it is not and we will actually
try to answer it in Chapter 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Here’s another question
that science is not supposed to have an answer to</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">why is there so much <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/114/Nietzsche_and_the_Problem_of_Suffering" target="_blank">suffering</a></span></span> in the world?”. And here’s a
possible answer, apart from the obvious fact of predation. Evolution,
being <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">a blind,
unguided process of trial and error</span></em>, must produce many individuals
with slightly different traits and wait to see which ones turn out to be the
fittest i.e. best adapted to survive in the environment in which they find
themselves. While each individual must strive to survive and prosper (the
desire for self-preservation itself being an evolutionary trait), not all will
be able to. If there were no competition, all new traits (via gene mutations)
would be passed on to the next generation and would be equally prevalent in the
gene pool. One eye would be as good as two. Our well-adapted, purposeful traits
are therefore a direct result of the suffering and premature death of millions
of individuals who left no offspring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="graf" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Isn’t there a way
for the same good designs to come about (or be “brought about”) with less
suffering? Maybe there is, but who will see to that? There is no one in charge,
no one running the show and therefore no one to negotiate with or appeal to! In
the next two chapters we will explore the question of how we came to believe
that there <em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">is
someone</span></em> in charge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Written by Ambar Nag.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ambarnag@gmail.com</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">(Continued in Part 4)</span></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-55880644420120556512019-02-26T12:13:00.000+05:302019-03-01T16:15:11.182+05:30A Cognitive Toolkit for the Rationalist. 2/6: What, Me Biased?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 4: Intelligence vs
rationality</span></b><br />
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2007748;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Why does it seem impossible
to convince people by citing facts?</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Let’s start with a
description of rationality. It is an incomplete description but still useful.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A rational person exhibits
“fully disjunctive reasoning”. That means reasoning that considers all
possibilities. The human mind has a built-in tendency to trade-off accuracy
(“truth”) for efficiency (“quick decisions”), effectively taking <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://fourminutebooks.com/thinking-fast-and-slow-summary/" target="_blank">shortcuts</a></span></u> to conclusions. In the past this
has helped our ancestors to survive in the wild. In fact, some complex tasks
that require skill (like driving or playing a musical instrument) are better
accomplished by <i>not</i> thinking consciously the whole time. But
while fully disjunctive reasoning may be computationally expensive, and not
practical to apply all the time, it is usually necessary when attempting to
reach accurate conclusions from a large volume of facts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A rational person possesses
certain “mindware”, or cognitive tools if you like. One of them is the <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/scientific-method6.htm" target="_blank">scientific method</a></span></u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">starting with the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">facts</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">, seeking tangible evidence
for other people</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s claims, forming and testing
one</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">s own hypotheses etc. Also very useful are tools
that help to account for uncertainty (or randomness), like the concept of <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://betterexplained.com/articles/understanding-the-monty-hall-problem/" target="_blank">probability</a></span></u>. More tools were described in
Chapter 1 (in the previous post (Part 1) in this series).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Does this mean that only
scientists (or statisticians) can be “rational”? No. We would like concepts
like “hypothesis” and “probability” to be practical, commonsensical tools that
we can use, rather than rigorous, mathematical notions for geeks to bore us
with.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Now that we have a working
understanding of what rationality means to us, we may expect intelligent people
to be (on average) more rational than less intelligent people. But studies
actually find a quite <i>low correlation</i> (less than 0.3 on a
scale that goes from -1 to 1) between intelligence, as measured by IQ tests,
and rationality as described here. Is there an explanation for this?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">We can investigate in terms
of a few known cognitive obstacles to rationality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LcrimtBY7u0/XHTffIXGwxI/AAAAAAAAGeE/wR9larE75DQikDvsOQ0lheJn6VpPNBW7QCLcBGAs/s1600/section%2B2%2Bimage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="151" data-original-width="333" height="289" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LcrimtBY7u0/XHTffIXGwxI/AAAAAAAAGeE/wR9larE75DQikDvsOQ0lheJn6VpPNBW7QCLcBGAs/s640/section%2B2%2Bimage.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #222222; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVZz_8u8vvfOZM8Yl_vEJJwZcj4CXtvd95vNRKhucqNQsQA7SGPw" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">https://encrypted-tbn0.<wbr></wbr>gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:<wbr></wbr>ANd9GcRVZz_8u8vvfOZM8Yl_<wbr></wbr>vEJJwZcj4CXtvd95vNRKhucqNQsQA7<wbr></wbr>SGPw</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Einstellung effect</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: The tendency to apply <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstellung_effect" target="_blank">tried-and-tested solutions</a></span></u> to problems
which seem to fit a pattern of previously encountered problems, instead of
evaluating each problem from first principles. It is also described as the
development of a mechanized state of mind.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Confirmation bias</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: The tendency to interpret
new information and recall old information in a way that confirms one’s
pre-existing beliefs. It can also manifest as a tendency to seek out facts
which support pre-existing beliefs and ignore facts which contradict them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Implicit bias</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: The ability to recognize
patterns and make generalizations are critical to the way our minds make sense
of the world. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">But the same thought
processes that make people smart also tend to make them biased</b>. Most people
are implicitly biased even if they do not think of themselves as prejudiced
(e.g. racist or sexist). This becomes clear, for instance, when <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/why-are-asian-men-less-eligible-on-tinder" target="_blank">comparing “stated” preferences against “revealed” preferences</a></span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Groupthink</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: Occurs when a group makes
suboptimal (or irrational) decisions because individuals within the group want
to minimize conflict and maximize consensus. The more cohesive a group, the
more prone it is to groupthink. In the play (and movie) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Twelve Angry Men</i>, members of a jury under the spell of groupthink,
are ready to convict an innocent man for murder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A combination of these
factors can partly explain why ideas like evolution, climate change (and the
idea of an earth that is not flat!) continue to have large numbers of deniers.
As we saw in Chapter 3, no amount of evidence is sufficient to “prove” a theory
right. But the issue is not with lack of credible evidence</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">it is with denying that
evidence is even relevant to the discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Many of the ideas presented
in this chapter so far can be found in the book <i>Return to Reason</i></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The Science of Thought</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">published by Scientific
American.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">In addition to these, I feel
that age and indoctrination may be factors that strongly influence rationality,
or lack of it. Why age? Younger people are more responsive to new information</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">children wouldn</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">t be able to pick up languages so quickly otherwise.
But they are less exposed to diverse viewpoints through peer interactions,
though this is less true now thanks to the internet. Conversely, older people
are less responsive to new information for reasons already described. But they
are less dependent on authority figures and more exposed to diverse viewpoints.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Some societies (e.g. Islamic
countries) are more ideologically rigid than others, so even adults could be
less exposed to diverse viewpoints. Statements made by authority figures are
expected to be believed by fiat. We’ve already seen how evidence in conflict
with core beliefs tends to be ignored or discredited, while evidence that
supports tends to be filtered in. What do I mean by “core beliefs”? These would
be beliefs in which an individual is heavily invested</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">essentially one’s <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/nYkMLFpx77Rz3uo9c/belief-as-attire" target="_blank">ideology</a></span></u>. They may be beliefs in which one’s
identity (family, community, nation…) is anchored or beliefs imbibed from
authority figures (parents, teachers, employers…). When new ideas start to
spread, those most invested in old belief systems are expected to resist them,
much as the petroleum lobby does its best to <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.energyandpolicy.org/renewable-energy-state-policy-attacks-report-2015/" target="_blank">block renewable energy</a></span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">While some beliefs prop up
our identity, others derive from our moral sense; e.g. if injustice ought to be
corrected <i>someone</i> must do the correcting. This can actually
give rise to the paradox of self-fulfilling beliefs; e.g. <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://aeon.co/ideas/why-the-trial-by-ordeal-was-actually-an-effective-test-of-guilt" target="_blank">trial by ordeal</a> </span></u>practised in medieval times
actually worked in a lot of cases. Studies show without a doubt that <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-beast/201103/faith-healing-shouldnt-work-it-does" target="_blank">placebo effects</a></span></u> are real and measurable,
though the precise mechanism remains unknown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Finally, there is another
reason for myths to be preferred over scientific theories, and it is well
encapsulated in this poetic statement</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the universe is made of
stories, not atoms</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”. We understand best through analogy. Stories go beyond analogy</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">they allow the reader to
insert themselves into the centre of the narrative. But it is possible only
because stories have human (or anthropomorphic) characters. Unfortunately,
a <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.lockhaven.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/analogy.htm" target="_blank">poor
analogy</a></span></u> always confounds more than it clarifies.
Fundamental concepts are often best understood from “first principles” even if
it means wading through jargon and math. Otherwise you end up with Quantum Woo
and New Age Science.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Am I suggesting that the
Rationalist is immune to, or has somehow been able to transcend, these biases?
Certainly not. Everyone is biased. All we can do is be aware of our inherent
biases and try to prevent them from shaping our beliefs</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">precisely what the methods
outlined in Chapter 1 are designed to do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 5: Social media<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span style="mso-bookmark: _Hlk2007790;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Could social media be
creating cultural and ideological bubbles?</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">While the internet has got to
be the most powerful way for people across the world to get exposed to diverse
knowledge and ideas from outside their community, it can also have a perverse,
polarizing influence. For instance, take social media. Regardless of the
reasons for each individual user to be on a social media platform (Facebook,
Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube…) the “goal” of the platform is the same</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">to retain maximum number of
active users and to ensure that each user spends as much time as possible on
the platform. Each of these goals is tied to revenue from digital advertising.
And the platform, through a set of robotic algorithms running in the
background, pursues this goal blindly and relentlessly, exploiting whatever it
“knows” about your tastes, preferences and ideological leanings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">One of these algorithms is
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recommender Engine</i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">it feeds the user suggestions
for content that it predicts the user will be “interested” in. So YouTube might
show <i>you </i>recommendations based on what other users clicked on
right after watching the same video that you just watched. And it may use your
clicks to similarly generate recommendations for <i>other</i> users.
Google Search may <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_search" target="_blank">sort
or filter</a></span></u> your search results based on information that it
has about <i>you </i>(your location, search history etc.) and not
just your search phrase, effectively hiding results that it “thinks” might not
be of interest to you.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">There is another way in which
content on social media is different from traditional media: most of the
content is crowd-sourced (or </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">user-generated”). That means
the cost for an individual or small group, of publishing content to anyone who
cares to consume it, is much lower than it used to be with traditional media,
where content was filtered (in effect <i>moderated</i>) by a publishing
industry. Though this new, democratic process of content-generation is exciting
and in some sense fair, it does have a side-effect. Relatively extreme views
can now be broadcast via mainstream platforms, to huge audiences, where earlier
those wanting to express any views (extreme or otherwise) had to go through the
effort of writing books or magazine columns or speaking at public forums. To
add to that, there is no need to maintain even a modicum of factual accuracy
when it comes to user-generated content. This is more than evident from many
YouTube videos and the problem of <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.policyforum.net/fighting-fake-news-india/" target="_blank">fake
news</a></span></u> on WhatsApp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">All these factors combine to
create <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_bubble" target="_blank">filter
bubbles</a></span></u> and <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_chamber_%28media%29" target="_blank">echo
chambers</a></span></u>. It may have a part in explaining manipulation of <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-trump-campaign.html" target="_blank">voter sentiment</a></span></u> with rumours, the growing
animosity between right-wing and liberal across the world, and <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/23/technology/a-hunt-for-ways-to-disrupt-the-work-of-online-radicalization.html" target="_blank">radicalization</a></span></u> of youth through online
propaganda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The Rationalist can hope to
avoid the manipulative aspects of the internet and social media just by being
aware of them. Every time YouTube appears to be leading you down a narrow
alley, ignore the “recommendations” and enter a fresh search. Use <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://duckduckgo.com/" target="_blank">search
engines</a></span></u> that respect your privacy. Don’t read YouTube
comments, they are mostly spam anyway. These are my humble tips. A little bit
can be a lot.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><b>Written by Ambar Nag</b></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">ambarnag@gmail.com</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px; letter-spacing: -0.0666667px;">(Continued in Part 3)</span></span></div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-70407542405620173002019-02-25T19:19:00.004+05:302020-04-26T22:16:33.883+05:30A Cognitive Toolkit for the Rationalist. 1/6: Rules of the Game<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">[</span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Note by Vinod Wadhawan</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">: I am happy to publish on my blog this
series of posts by </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Ambar Nag</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">. He is brilliant,
and has a very concise and lucid style of writing.]</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">CONTENTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 1: Correlation vs causality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 2: Falsifiability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 3: Occam’s Razor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 4: Intelligence vs rationality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 5: Social media<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 6: Survival machines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 7: Something from nothing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 8: The myth of creation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 9: The fine-tuned Universe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 10: The Intentional Stance<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Chapter 11: Non-overlapping
magisteria</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 12: Putting it together<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 13: The problem of consciousness</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 14: Artificial intelligence<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chapter 15: The brief history of mind</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jOk99rbLLU0/XHPuKyn0q_I/AAAAAAAAGd4/upGCcP8LdvQhM7iMSXR2oNhbDc3pYNqVwCLcBGAs/s1600/1__CwQXF8tnA_bvJCzRry_6g.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="1024" height="354" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jOk99rbLLU0/XHPuKyn0q_I/AAAAAAAAGd4/upGCcP8LdvQhM7iMSXR2oNhbDc3pYNqVwCLcBGAs/s640/1__CwQXF8tnA_bvJCzRry_6g.jpeg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://medium.com/@corovin64/on-russell-s-teapot-f7c2ebf3b6cb&source=gmail&ust=1551188893726000&usg=AFQjCNFEkN9LOyhUs-D6AfePnia3uHc3xQ" href="https://medium.com/@corovin64/on-russell-s-teapot-f7c2ebf3b6cb" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: tahoma, sans-serif;" target="_blank">https://medium.com/@<wbr></wbr>corovin64/on-russell-s-teapot-<wbr></wbr>f7c2ebf3b6cb</a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0in 0in;">
</div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">This post, in a series of six
connected parts, presents a set of thinking tools for the aspiring Rationalist.
It draws from various books, videos, websites and conversations that have
inspired me. These thinking tools can be effectively employed in drawing-room
and coffee-machine debates. They cannot, unfortunately, be used to bring other
people around to your point of view (for reasons that I go into in Chapter 4).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What motivated this post? By
the time I was out of my teens, I had stopped believing in God(s) or Satan,
Good or Evil, Heaven or Hell, Ghosts or Spirits, Eternal Soul or Rebirth,
Reason or Purpose, Morality or Sin. But most folks are convinced that you must
believe in <i>something</i> (as opposed to <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">nothing</span></a></span>). Spiritual beliefs tend not to
attract much enquiry</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">after all, it is obvious what
you believe in if you believe in Krishna or Jesus. A purely materialistic
worldview needs explaining though, ironic as that may sound. This post is an
attempt to articulate some of the ideas that make up such a worldview.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What (or who) is a
Rationalist? The <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/rationalist" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">dictionary meaning</span></a></span> does not convey a lot,
using as it does, words like “reason” which would themselves require
explaining. So, while the term Rationalist is used in the title, the meaning of
the word (my meaning) should be allowed to emerge by the end of the post. We
will revisit this question in Chapter 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Though the ideas presented
here touch upon Science, Philosophy and Religion, I would like to declare that
I am not a scientist, not a philosopher and not a spiritual person. So, in some
sense I am not qualified to make strong assertions on any of these topics. But
it also gives me confidence that these concepts can be understood and used by
anyone who is open to them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Here’s the usual hyperbole</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">these ideas can change your
life</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">. And here’s a disclaimer</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">while I may refer to some
notions as </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">wrong</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> or </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">silly</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">, it is not the aim of this post to offend any<i>one</i>.
Attacking a person’s beliefs is not, in my mind, tantamount to <span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Arguments_as_soldiers" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">attacking the person</span></a></span> who holds that
belief. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">People deserve respect, ideas
don’t.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Most of the ideas introduced
here are easy to comprehend at a logical level but some are hard to <i>accept</i> because
they require an “inversion of reasoning”, to use Dan Dennett’s phrase. Concepts
covered in the initial chapters are more basic and likely more familiar for
most, with later chapters getting into slightly more complex, even strange
ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Finally, you will notice soon
enough that not many of the thoughts presented here are my own. This post is
mostly about faithfully representing (and connecting) existing ideas along with
the occasional fresh thought. “Is any thought <i>really</i> original?”,
we could rhetorically ask. It’s evidently much easier to put together a toolkit
than to create a new tool.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I hope this compilation of
ideas will, as claimed in the subtitle, serve as an easy introduction to
Freethought for the uninitiated. Links and references are provided wherever I
am unable to go deeper into a topic without digressing too much from the theme
of the Chapter. The books which are referenced by title are highly recommended
reading, in fact they are the biggest inspiration for this post.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Chapter 1: Correlation vs causality</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<i style="background-color: white;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Causal claims are easy to
make but usually difficult to establish… and even harder to refute</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I said to a friend over
coffee, “My doctor put me on a course of vitamins last week”. She said “I see…
come to think of it your skin is glowing and you’re looking great! I’d like to
get my hands on those vitamins”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">What’s wrong here?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">My friend didn’t mention that
I was looking great until <i>after </i>I mentioned the vitamins<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">I may also have started
working out at the gym since last week<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">My doctor may have put me on
vitamins because I had a vitamin deficiency<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">So, can we ever be sure (or
at least confident to some degree) that vitamins will make your skin glow?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Scientists use the term
“correlation” to describe a relationship where every time A occurs B also tends
to occur. But it’s always meant in a <i>statistical</i> sense; i.e.
there should be many recorded instances of A and B occurring together, and
usually some instances of A and B <i>not</i> occurring together. Note
that if A is correlated with B then B is correlated with A or, simply put, A
and B are correlated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Causality is a stricter
condition. A might cause B if -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A and B are correlated<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">When A and B both occur, B
always occurs (soon) after A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">No third factor is already
known to cause both<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Some plausible mechanism
leading from A to B can be described<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The third condition is easy
to illustrate</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">the guy who </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">observes</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> that every time they honk at
the car in front of them at a traffic light, the car moves. Not because they
honked but because the light turned green, which is also why they honked!<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Or, A and B could each follow
a random pattern but an observer could infer a correlation by selectively
noting the “positives” (i.e. instances of co-occurrence) and ignoring the
“negatives”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">an instance of cognitive bias
we will examine in Chapter 4. This kind of fake correlation can sometimes
trigger compulsive, self-reinforcing <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Skinner/Pigeon/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">behaviour patterns</span></a></span></u> (“superstition”)
as revealed by the psychologist B.F. Skinner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The last condition of a
plausible mechanism sounds vague but it is important</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">why, for instance,
would <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/5-times-pat-robertson-blamed-tragedies-on-legal-abortion-gays-and-peace-deals/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">hurricanes be caused by legalizing
abortion in US states</span></a></span></u>? This brings us to the next
question</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">why are even the most
(seemingly) absurd causal claims so hard to refute? We will try to answer this
in Chapters 2 and 3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Meanwhile, how do scientists
attempt to establish causality?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">One of the most popular and
accepted methods is the <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Randomized Control Trial</span></a></span></u> (RCT).
Suppose you want to check whether a “treatment” A has an “effect” B. You start
by randomly splitting a group of “subjects” (usually people or animals) into
two groups</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">you can call these the Test
and Control groups. Then, you apply the treatment (say vitamin supplement) to
the Test group but <i>not </i>to the Control group and you do this
over a period of time. You then compare the effect (health indicator of
interest) on the Test group against the Control group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Using some fairly basic math
you can test your results for “statistical significance”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">that means eliminating the
possibility that the measured effect is <i>purely due to chance</i>. The
RCT methodology also employs “double blinding” as a safeguard against
subjective bias (see Chapter 4 for various forms of this). For example, in a
clinical trial this means that neither the doctor nor the patient knows whether
a given patient belongs to the test or control group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It is interesting to note
that in most countries, no drug can be sold without going through clinical
trials but “dietary supplements” (which must be labelled as such) are not
subject to the same rigour. It’s no surprise then that supplements are a $50
billion market globally, with little evidence to prove they even do any good.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Economists have a more
rigorous notion of causality</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: blue; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Granger_causality" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Granger Causality</span></a></span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">, where A may be said to cause B if occurrences of
A <i>predict </i>occurrences of B. And finally, there is serious
doubt as to whether causality represents a fundamental property of the universe
or just a convenient way for <i>us</i> to think about the world.
We’ll go into some of these views in Chapter 10.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chapter 2: Falsifiability</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Not all claims can be put to
the test… especially the ones people want you to believe</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Calvin’s best friend Hobbes
is a stuffed tiger. Who turns into a real tiger every now and then, and off
they go on their adventures. Of course, Hobbes immediately turns back into a
stuffed tiger in the presence of a third person. Making Calvin look ridiculous
when he exclaims “But Mom, Hobbes did it!”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">When six-year old Calvin
asserts that Hobbes is a real tiger but that is only known to (and knowable by)
him, he is making an unfalsifiable claim. Needless to say, scientists don’t
like unfalsifiable claims (aka “untestable” claims). They are too easy to make
and, by definition, impossible to confirm or falsify.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: blue; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><a href="https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies/178/Unfalsifiability" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Unfalsifiability</span></a></span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> is a reasoning fallacy
wherein a claim cannot possibly be contradicted by observation or experiment.
It is the obverse of falsifiability, a concept originated by the philosopher
Karl Popper. Unfalsifiable claims or statements fall outside the domain of
science. Those who believe them to be true do so on faith (more on this in
Chapter 3).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Bertrand Russell came up with
the analogy of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Russell’s Teapot</b> to
illustrate that the burden of proof should lie on a person making unfalsifiable
claims, rather than on others to disprove such claims. Christopher Hitchens
came up with <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Hitchens’ Razor</b></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">that which can be asserted without evidence can be
dismissed without evidence</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The point is this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">if a claim is unfalsifiable,
whether it is true or false does not matter (it is neither). In fact, it is
outside the realm of objective truth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">So we can now see how
legalizing abortion in US states could have caused hurricane Katrina. But then,
so could any number of other, arbitrary causes. Like how <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2015/jun/10/earthquakes-caused-by-nudity-short-skirts-gay-marriage-and-other-scapegoats" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">mini-skirts cause earthquakes</span></a></span></u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Unfortunately physics has a
few unfalsifiable theories of its own (like <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlTKTTt47WE" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">this one</span></a> </span></u>and <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.space.com/18811-multiple-universes-5-theories.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">this one</span></a></span></u>) each
of which scientists have spent significant effort to research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">So we are saying that
statements or claims must be falsifiable to be useful. What about theories? For
a theory to be useful it must rule out (or assign very low probability to)
certain outcomes while allowing certain others. A theory that says that
“anything is possible” has no power. Or, in the words of <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Eliezer Yudkowsky</span></a></span></u></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">if you can invent an equally persuasive explanation
for any outcome, you have zero knowledge</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">There are several other
reasoning fallacies that the Rationalist should watch out for —<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Circular Reasoning</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: Providing an explanation of
something by assuming it or using a term in its own definition; e.g. only a
crazy person would kill someone, so anyone who kills must be crazy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Infinite Regress</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: An argument that relies on
a proposition whose truth depends on another similar proposition (and so on…);
e.g. <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Turtles all the way down</span></a></span></u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Mind Projection Fallacy</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">: Projecting the mind’s
properties onto the external world. Some examples will be useful here, though
we won’t be using this concept till Chapter 10 —<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The fallacy in assuming that colour is an inherent property of objects
rather than how our brains interpret different wavelengths of light reflected
off objects<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">The fallacy in assuming that <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.lesswrong.com/s/p3TndjYbdYaiWwm9x/p/f6ZLxEWaankRZ2Crv" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">probabilities</span></a></span></u> are
a property of systems (or events) rather than a way for us to represent our
ignorance of them</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Chapter 3: Occam’s Razor</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A good theory explains a lot
by assuming very little… a bad theory does just the opposite</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Contrary to what many people
believe, science does not provide proof of anything. The concept of “proof”
applies only in mathematics, as does the notion of absolute truths.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Instead science allows the
accumulation of evidence in favour of a hypothesis, and against competing ones.
The more evidence in support of a hypothesis, the more likely it is to be an
accurate representation of the world. But only a representation—the map can
never <i>completely</i> describe the territory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Evidence can be based on
direct observation or experiments. Experiments must be <i>replicable</i>,
not performed and recorded just once by one person or team. This is to
eliminate confirmation bias (see Chapter 4). After all, scientists are as human
as any of us and extremely keen to have their theories accepted. Valid evidence
that contradicts an accepted theory must be accounted for</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">either the theory has to be
modified to explain the new facts, or if that is impossible, discarded in
favour of a new theory that can explain <i>all </i>the facts, old and
new. Sometimes a simpler, less accurate theory can coexist with a complex, more
accurate (or more “general”) theory as is the case with classical mechanics and
special relativity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">So how do scientists decide
which hypotheses to test? Is every hypothesis to be considered equally
promising and tested as such? Here’s where <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/occam.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Occam’s Razor</span></a></span></u> comes in. It says
the following</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">between two competing
theories that explain the same set of facts, the one with <i>fewer</i> assumptions
should be preferred because it is more likely to be correct. Note that Occam’s
Razor cannot help us to test the accuracy of a hypothesis, only evidence can do
that. It is only a heuristic guide to decide which theory to test first or
which theory is preferred <i>a priori</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,</span> i.e. in the absence of any evidence. And finally, Occam’s
Razor can be a double-edged sword (pun intended) as <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://wiki.tfes.org/Occam%27s_Razor" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">this website</span></a></span></u> somewhat
ironically demonstrates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Coming back to the question
we posed in the introduction</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">is there a well-defined line that separates
rational people from people who are not rational? Probably not. People can be
rational to different degrees. Then, is there a rule or test to distinguish
rational <i>beliefs</i> from beliefs that are not rational? I believe
there must be, otherwise the Rationalist would have no leg to stand on. The
rule is this</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">rational beliefs are those
that are held on the basis of empirical evidence and can be abandoned if the
evidence turns out to be false.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Not all beliefs are held on
the basis of evidence, some can be held on <i>faith</i>. But a faith belief
can be unshakable in the face of contradicting evidence. In fact, because of
the unfalsifiable way in which these beliefs are invariably stated, evidence
becomes irrelevant. Belief based on faith can be a slippery slope</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">if you believe some claims, you
might as well believe all. After all, how do you decide which statements to
believe and which ones to reject? Is it possible to have a consistent basis for
doing so? Faith beliefs may be handed down by authority figures but what
happens when those individuals or institutions become less important (or <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sexual-crimes-committed-name-god-look-back-swami-nithyanandas-sex-contract-67511" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">less credible</span></a></span></u>)
or cease to exist? Finally, what happens when your beliefs are found to be in
conflict with another person’s beliefs? Once evidence is off the table, there
is little to choose between competing beliefs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">There is, of course, an
escape hatch out of this and it doesn’t come from science</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">—</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">one can deny that there are
any </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">“</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">objective truths</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> that can be discovered through observation. In such a world, all truths
are <i>subjective</i> (or observer-dependent) and knowable only
through introspection. The question of whether introspection can actually
reveal universal truths will be taken up in Chapter 12.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">At this point I’d like to
make sure we agree to the rules of the game called “Being a Rationalist” -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Causal claims are false in
the absence of a credible mechanism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Unfalsifiable statements can
be rejected outright<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Theories must explain more
than they assume<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Having accepted the cookies
policy, we can read on. In the next Section we will examine Cognitive Biases -
the reasons why people simply refuse to “play by the rules”.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; letter-spacing: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Written by Ambar Nag.</span></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">ambarnag@gmail.com</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">(Continued
in Part 2)</span> </div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-22669002248588956122019-02-20T19:35:00.000+05:302019-03-16T12:43:35.027+05:30Wadhawan Educational Videos on Science - 3 (WEVS3): The Nature of Reality<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">There is no such
thing as absolute reality or time-independent reality. Reality at any point of
time in our history is nothing more than the best available scientific model
(or ‘effective theory’) of the universe at that time. This <b>model-dependent
reality</b> keeps changing with time as more and more new empirical evidence
becomes available to us.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">For viewing this educational video, please click at the link</span></span></span></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2en2WhBgv8&t=29s"><span style="color: red;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2en2WhBgv8&t=29s</span></a></span></span></span></span></h2>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--GjKmnnTilo/XG1eJzcj4cI/AAAAAAAAGdI/740zW-XoXV4zvNqZn0nCWrnohfvjGOJgACLcBGAs/s1600/universe-mathematics.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="450" height="298" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--GjKmnnTilo/XG1eJzcj4cI/AAAAAAAAGdI/740zW-XoXV4zvNqZn0nCWrnohfvjGOJgACLcBGAs/s400/universe-mathematics.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.learning-mind.com/the-nature-of-reality-and-the-universe-is-mathematical/">https://www.learning-mind.com/the-nature-of-reality-and-the-universe-is-mathematical/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Previous videos in this series<br />
</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">WEVS1: Science Answers the Big Questions</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2018/12/wadhawan-videos-on-science-1-wvs1.html"><span style="color: #990000;">https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2018/12/wadhawan-videos-on-science-1-wvs1.html</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">WEVS2: The Second Law of Thermodynamics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2019/01/wadhawan-educational-videos-on-science.html">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2019/01/wadhawan-educational-videos-on-science.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br /></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-20502961447162863192019-01-27T18:39:00.000+05:302019-02-22T14:32:29.548+05:30Wadhawan Educational Videos on Science - 2 (WEVS2): The Second Law of Thermodynamics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="375">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
second law of thermodynamics determines which natural processes are more likely
to occur. It has mind-boggling cumulative consequences visible in all the
self-organization and emergence we see in Nature. It has been rightly called
the mother of all self-organisation principles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NdNK5UdxXqI/XFFTN91oYiI/AAAAAAAAGcc/zADqgKh58UYv5v1Ln5iMFAH5HLgmEIQtgCLcBGAs/s1600/romaLandSide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="400" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NdNK5UdxXqI/XFFTN91oYiI/AAAAAAAAGcc/zADqgKh58UYv5v1Ln5iMFAH5HLgmEIQtgCLcBGAs/s400/romaLandSide.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/~cathale/?page_id=46" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/~cathale/?page_id=46</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="color: red; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><b>For viewing this educational video,
please click at</b></span><br />
<span style="color: red; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://youtu.be/0x7pKgGdpy8"><b>https://youtu.be/0x7pKgGdpy8</b></a></span></span><br />
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Previous
videos in this series<br />
</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">WEVS1:
Science Answers the Big Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2018/12/wadhawan-videos-on-science-1-wvs1.html"><span style="color: #990000;">https://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.com/2018/12/wadhawan-videos-on-science-1-wvs1.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-88623070518397929392018-12-05T03:06:00.000+05:302019-01-26T14:36:38.800+05:30Wadhawan Educational Videos on Science - 1 (WEVS1): Science Answers the Big Questions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">When I was
writing the series of posts under the label '<i>Understanding Natural Phenomena</i>'
on this blog, I received a number of suggestions from readers that such content
will be good material if also presented in the audiovisual format.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">So here I
am, making a beginning with this video, under a new series: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wadhawan Videos on Science</i>. Part 1 is titled
‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science Answers the Big Questions</i>’:</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">
</span><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">'<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0VQKMRBfas&t=7s">WadhawanVideos on Science. Part 1: Science Answers the Big Questions</a>.</span></i></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">[Please click on the link above to view the video.]</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dqBf5Ct0BHs/XAhFhXrvoFI/AAAAAAAAFdo/W3xbG6gI9EIbflQL6mRYUnLna1R4IXq3QCLcBGAs/s1600/Philosophy-Header1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="600" height="363" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dqBf5Ct0BHs/XAhFhXrvoFI/AAAAAAAAFdo/W3xbG6gI9EIbflQL6mRYUnLna1R4IXq3QCLcBGAs/s640/Philosophy-Header1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/EnglishatClydeValley/files/2012/05/Philosophy-Header1.jpg&imgrefurl=https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/EnglishatClydeValley/2012/05/09/the-philosophy-of-2ch1/&h=342&w=600&tbnid=gQMm8QTk5-JF9M&tbnh=169&tbnw=298&usg=AI4_-kR7Ed_09QVKIi_SC07jLrM-f0eatg&vet=1&docid=KGLofqxIwhuvTM">(https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/EnglishatClydeValley/files/2012/05/Philosophy-Header1.jpg&imgrefurl=https://blogs.glowscotland.org.uk/nl/EnglishatClydeValley/2012/05/09/the-philosophy-of-2ch1/&h=342&w=600&tbnid=gQMm8QTk5-JF9M&tbnh=169&tbnw=298&usg=AI4_-kR7Ed_09QVKIi_SC07jLrM-f0eatg&vet=1&docid=KGLofqxIwhuvTM)</a></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">This video was produced in collaboration with my friend Anjan
Madhwesh, and I want to thank him profusely for the ideas and the work he put
in. He is the person interviewing me in this video.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Anjan is
taking an initiative which is going to be different from what I shall be
posting on my blog here from time to time. He plans to produce a variety of
presentations (in various formats) with the avowed goal of taking not only
science, but also technology to people, and to promote scientific temper in
society at large. I shall be collaborating with him in that project, wherever I
can. Many other persons will also be involved in that. For updates on this initiative, please subscribe to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCTJvufWrgHs6G41HoakhRw/featured">https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCTJvufWrgHs6G41HoakhRw/featured</a>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">By
contrast, my purpose on this blog is to produce videos on specific topics in
science. For example, the next one in my series will be <i>WEVS2: The Second
Law of Thermodynamics.</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">I look forward to your feedback, suggestions, and
criticism.<i> </i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-5207338356562340822018-07-06T22:11:00.001+05:302018-07-12T21:50:18.244+05:30Second Edition of Vinod Wadhawan’s Book on Symmetry (6 July 2018)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="375">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Title</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Latent,
Manifest, and Broken Symmetry: A Bottom-up Approach to Symmetry, with
Implications for Complex Networks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Author</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vinod
Wadhawan</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Book details</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Paperback: 210 pages</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Publisher: </span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Createspace Independent Publishing Platform</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Language: </span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">English</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">ISBN: 978-1463766718</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Product dimension: 15.2 x 1.2 x 22.9 cm </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></b><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u8ZSffZQhd0/W0Bb8VjYaXI/AAAAAAAAFQA/i-zKjCRIgQkMP23bl5cvId-ZPSNN5ttuACLcBGAs/s1600/Book4bCover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="400" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u8ZSffZQhd0/W0Bb8VjYaXI/AAAAAAAAFQA/i-zKjCRIgQkMP23bl5cvId-ZPSNN5ttuACLcBGAs/s640/Book4bCover.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Do5Ew3pa-Jg/W0BcO_bmAxI/AAAAAAAAFQI/hzVp-ShluuoAYjDXKr9xmmsQFbCUs0s3gCLcBGAs/s1600/BothCovers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="731" data-original-width="487" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Do5Ew3pa-Jg/W0BcO_bmAxI/AAAAAAAAFQI/hzVp-ShluuoAYjDXKr9xmmsQFbCUs0s3gCLcBGAs/s640/BothCovers.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About the book</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span class="projectsummarydescription"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is a
subtle kind of symmetry called latent symmetry which manifests itself only when
the conditions are right. It can occur in systems composed of equal or
equivalent components. It lies dormant or latent, and becomes manifest when the
components happen to have certain special mutual placements. Although the
latent-symmetry idea has been around for more than a decade, not many natural
manifestations have been observed to date. But a recognition of the possibility
of latent symmetry enables us to formulate a comprehensive symmetry-composition
principle enunciated in this book. The principle is applicable to any system
composed of equal or equivalent sub-parts. And there are many such systems
around. Crystals are an obvious example, the equal components being the unit
cells. Several complex networks can also fall within the purview of this
principle, if we take note of the approximate nature of their symmetry. This
book presents such an all-inclusive view of symmetry in an accessible language.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="projectsummarydescription"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">We are surrounded
by symmetry and broken symmetry. From the Big Bang onwards, as our universe
cooled and expanded, a series of symmetry-breaking transitions occurred,
resulting in a gradual evolution of the complexity of life we see today. By now
it is well recognized that discovering new broken symmetries (particularly
broken gauge symmetries) is the path science must take for going deeper into
the mysteries of Nature. At a very fundamental level, laws of physics are all
about symmetry. The present edifice of science in general, and physics in
particular, would be unthinkable without symmetry. There is a lot of symmetry
even in biological systems. This book celebrates symmetry in all its forms,
including latent symmetry.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Foreword to
first edition by Prof. A. M. Glazer</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wherever we look we see a variety of patterns and shapes
that show</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> <span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">different types of symmetry. Much
of this is obvious, such as for </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">instance when we look at the
pyramids of Egypt, or crystals in a </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">museum. However, what is not so
obvious is just what exactly is </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">symmetry and why is it so
prevalent? In this unique and intriguing </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">book, Professor Vinod Wadhawan
has set about answering these </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">sorts of questions. He takes us
on a journey from very basic </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">descriptions, such as the growth
of a crystal, on to more esoteric and </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">complex notions, demonstrating
that, in fact, symmetry is even more</span></span> <span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">pervasive than we thought before.
Some symmetries are far from </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">obvious, as illustrated by the
idea of latent symmetry. This is said to </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">manifest itself when one combines
two or more ‘equal’ objects or </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">systems, each with its own
symmetry description, and the resulting </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">composite system exhibits </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">new</span></i></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"> symmetry elements that were not </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">expected from the original
systems. For instance, two identical right-angled isosceles triangles can be joined
together to form a square, </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">that has an unanticipated
four-fold rotational symmetry. The notion </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">of latent symmetry is relatively
new and deserves further </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">consideration.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Not only do we have the symmetry
exhibited by living organisms</span></span> <span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">and physical objects, but also by
ideas themselves. As such this book</span></span> <span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">has a strong philosophical
content that will enable the reader to gain </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">much more insight into the
phenomenon than is normally got from a </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">typical university education.
Wadhawan shows us how even the </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">concept of randomness is
intricately bound up with notions of </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">symmetry. Even the idea of
predictability is an example of symmetry </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">in action! And then, having
explained what symmetry is, emphasis is placed on what happens when symmetry is
broken. In a sense, pure </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">symmetry could even be described
as rather boring, since it implies a </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">lack of change or progress.
Nonetheless, we still need to understand </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">it. It is when symmetry is broken
that fun things start to happen and </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">new ideas, progress and phenomena
are created. This book explains </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">how this comes about and why
symmetry-breaking is so important. </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">The book is written with an eye
to explaining the fundamental</span></span><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">concepts of symmetry, rather than
go into complex mathematical</span></span> <span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">proofs and lemmas, which in any
case can be found elsewhere for </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">those who like those sorts of
things. This means that Wadhawan is </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">able instead to concentrate on
the philosophical importance of </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">understanding symmetry, and how
it impacts on the world that we </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">observe. Rather like the Second
Law of Thermodynamics, symmetry </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">is seen to play a vital role in
what holds the universe together. You </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">can see then that this book
covers just about everything that we </span></span><span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">know about symmetry, and possibly
that which we do not!</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br />
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">A.M. Glazer</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Professor of Physics and Emeritus Fellow of Jesus College</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">University of Oxford</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span class="fontstyle01"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Author of </span></span><i><span class="fontstyle21"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Space Groups for Solid State Scientists</span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Preface to the First Edition</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
symmetry of any composite system made up of equal or equivalent components
depends on at least two factors: The inherent symmetry of each component, and
the symmetry imposed on the system by the manner in which the components are
arranged with respect to one another (‘placement symmetry’). But if the
composite system is found to have a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">higher</i>
symmetry than what can be accounted for by these two factors, then that extra,
unexpected symmetry is what I call <i>latent symmetry</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. It is as if this additional symmetry was lying latent or
dormant in the equal or equivalent components, and became manifest only when
the components came together to form the composite system. To accommodate such
a possibility, I enunciate in this book a new <i>symmetry composition principle</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. According to it: When the occurrence of a symmetry implies
the coexistence of two or more equal or equivalent building blocks, the overall
symmetry is either the product of the building-block-symmetry group and the
placement-symmetry group, or there is an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">additional</i>
component which arises from the latent symmetry present in the building blocks.</span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The emergence of symmetry in thermodynamically open
composite systems can be traced ultimately to the second law of thermodynamics,
which is therefore the </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">primary</span></i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> organizing principle. How this principle operates in various diverse
systems is discussed in this book. It is argued that the same explanation
holds, whether it is the symmetry of a crystal, or that of a complex social
network.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Symmetry of complex networks is, in fact, another
major theme of this book. That real-life networks should possess any symmetry
at all may come as a surprise. But by now we should all be reconciled to the
fact that there is something about symmetry which touches everything in our
universe. The present edifice of science in general, and physics in particular,
would be unthinkable without symmetry. There is a lot of symmetry even in
biological systems.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">We are surrounded not only by symmetry, but also
broken symmetry</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. In fact, we see more of broken
symmetry than intact symmetry. From the Big Bang onwards, as our universe
cooled and expanded, a series of symmetry-breaking transitions occurred,
leading eventually to the complexity of life we see today. This book is an
attempt to explain, in an accessible language, the interplay between latent,
manifest, and broken symmetry.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vinod
Wadhawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bengaluru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">August
2011</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Preface to the Second Edition</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
book has been revised and updated substantially. In particular, gauge symmetry,
which was discussed only briefly in the first edition, has been given the
prominence it deserves. A new chapter has been added to deal with it in some
detail.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Another
new feature of this edition is the introduction of my notion of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">potential symmetry</i>. It is similar to
latent symmetry, but not identical to it. Latent symmetry is a kind of potential
symmetry which becomes manifest symmetry when the conditions are just right.
But potential symmetry is not always latent symmetry; in fact, it is only
rarely so. Introduction of the notion of potential symmetry enables us to
enunciate what I call <i>the fundamental theorem of symmetry</i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">. It says that a<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ny
spontaneously occurring symmetry of an object or system comprising of equal or
equivalent subparts is nothing but a self-organized manifestation of the
potential symmetry residing in its subparts. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vinod
Wadhawan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bengaluru</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">July
2018</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Contents</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Foreword xi</span></b></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Preface xiii</span></b>
</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">1. Overview 1</span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. Symmetry Fundamentals 9</span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></span></h1>
<h1 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.1 Definition of
symmetry 9</span></span>
</h1>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.2 Analogy and
classification are symmetry 11</span></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.3 Reduction
is symmetry 11</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.4 Reproducibility
is symmetry 13</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.5 Predictability
is symmetry 14</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.6 The
symmetry principle 15</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.7 Thermodynamics
and the symmetry principle 16</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">2.8 Ugly
symmetry 17</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.
Group-Theoretical Description of Symmetry 21</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.1 Discrete groups 21</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.2 Coset decomposition of a group 23</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.3 Lagrange theorem for subgroups 25</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.4 Symmetry group of a crystal 25</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.5 Continuous groups 27</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.6 Permutation groups 27</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.7 Special unitary groups 27</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.8 Topological space, open sets 28</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.9 Morphisms, categories 29</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.10 Semigroups, groupoids 30</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">3.11 Lie groups 32</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.
Network Theory 39</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.1 Mathematical networks 39</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.2 Clustering coefficient 42</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.3 Permutation symmetry in graphs and
networks 43</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.4 Real-life networks 45</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">4.5 Scale-free networks 46</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.
Self-organization and Symmetry 47</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.1 Growth of a crystal as an ordering
process 47</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.2 Similar linkage patterns and
symmetry 49 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.3 Symmetry as a secondary organizing
principle 50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">5.4 Symmetry
and biology 52</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">6.
The Different Types of Exact and Approximate Symmetry 59</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">6.1 Crystallographic symmetry 59</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">6.2 Space symmetry and time symmetry 60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">6.3 Permutational and more general
symmetries of graphs 60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">6.4 Approximate symmetry of graphs 61</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">6.5 Symmetry in real-life networks 62</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -.2in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"> 6.6 Structural <i>vs</i>. statistical
equivalence and latent symmetry 69</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">7.
Symmetry of Composite Systems 71</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">7.1 The Curie principle 71</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">7.2 The Curie-Shubnikov principle 73</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">7.3 Interplay between dissymmetrization
and symmetrization 77</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">7.4 <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The Hermann theorem of crystal physics, and its applications 77</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">7.5 Hexply configurations for
nanocomposites 79</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">8. Gauge Symmetry 81</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">8.1 Introduction
81</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">8.2 Gauge-symmetry groups 84</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">8.3 Noether’s theorems 86</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.
Phase Transitions and Broken Symmetry 93</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.1 Liberal
meanings of the term ‘phase transition’ 93</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.2 Spontaneous
breaking of symmetry 94</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.3 The
Landau theory of phase transitions 95</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.4 Ferroic
phase transitions and domain structure 97</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.5 Prototype
symmetry 98</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.6 The
symmetry compensation law 98</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.7 Continuous
broken symmetries 99</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.8 Discrete
broken symmetries 105</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.9 Broken
symmetry and biology 105</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">9.10 The
principle of local activity 108</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">10. Particle Physics, Cosmology, and
the Search for New Symmetries111</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">10.1 The Standard Model of Particle
Physics 111</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">10.2 Beyond the Standard Model 121</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">10.3 Origin of our universe 124</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11. Latent Symmetry, Potential
Symmetry, and the Symmetry Composition Principle 129</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.1 Latent symmetry and potential
symmetry 129</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.2 The distinction between potential
symmetry and latent symmetry </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.3 The fundamental theorem of
symmetry 133</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.4 The symmetry composition principle
133</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.5 Placement symmetry 136</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">11.6 Latent symmetry and algorithmic
information 137</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.
Group-Theoretical Determination of Latent Symmetry 139</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.1 Formal definition of latent
symmetry 139</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.2 Litvin’s partition theorem for
latent symmetry 140</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.3 Latent symmetry and domain-average
engineered ferroic materials 144</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An example of how ignorance about latent
symmetry can </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">lead
to errors 145</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.5 The role of placement symmetry in
revealing latent symmetry 148</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">12.6 Concluding remarks 150</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.
Symmetry of Complex Networks 151</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.1 Latent symmetry in complex
networks 151</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.2 Measures of symmetry of networks 154</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.3 Origins of symmetry in complex
networks 156</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.4 The similar-linkage-pattern model
for symmetry 157</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.5 The free-energy landscape for
biological networks 158</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">13.6 Social networks and the meaning of
cohesive energy 160</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">14.
Afterword 163</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bibliography
167</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Index
179</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">Acknowledgements
187</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: right 332.65pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt;">About
the Author 189</span></b></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-39485086520338635722018-01-17T22:08:00.002+05:302019-01-18T18:45:05.243+05:30SECOND EDITION OF VINOD WADHAWAN’S BOOK ON COMPLEXITY SCIENCE (17 January 2018)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="false"
DefSemiHidden="false" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="375">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hashtag"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Unresolved Mention"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Title</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">UNDERSTANDING NATURAL PHENOMENA: Self-Organization
and Emergence in Complex Systems</span></i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Author</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Vinod Wadhawan</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Book details</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Paperback:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 518 pages</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Publisher:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> CreateSpace
Independent Publishing Platform; 2nd edition (January 17, 2018)</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Language:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> English</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">ISBN-10:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 1548527939</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">ISBN-13:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
978-1548527938</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Product Dimensions: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.7 x 1.3 x 9.6 inches </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Shipping Weight:</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> 2.2 pounds </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /> </span>A<span style="font-size: 14pt;">vailable at:<br />
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Natural-Phenomena-Self-Organization-Emergence/dp/1548527939/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1499318009&sr=1-1&keywords=vinod+wadhawan" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">https://www.amazon.com/Understanding-Natural-Phenomena-Self-Organization-Emergence/dp/1548527939/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1499318009&sr=1-1&keywords=vinod+wadhawan</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> <br />
and<br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.in/Understanding-Natural-Phenomena-Self-organization-Emergence/dp/1548527939/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1500484507&sr=1-1&keywords=vinod+wadhawan" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.amazon.in/Understanding-Natural-Phenomena-Self-organization-Emergence/dp/1548527939/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1500484507&sr=1-1&keywords=vinod+wadhawan</span></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--lefnUnXpo0/Wl95Jjk5aUI/AAAAAAAAEhw/L7DqNT264Iwdo05r4gd2sBi8Y_ULGwkJwCLcBGAs/s1600/Title.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="445" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/--lefnUnXpo0/Wl95Jjk5aUI/AAAAAAAAEhw/L7DqNT264Iwdo05r4gd2sBi8Y_ULGwkJwCLcBGAs/s640/Title.jpg" width="443" /></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Legend for the front cover</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span>
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A flower is a work of art, but there is no artist
involved. The flower evolved from lesser things which, in turn, evolved from
still lesser things, and so on, all the way down. For example, the symmetry of
a flower is the end result of a long succession of spontaneous processes and
events, as also of some simple ‘local rules’ in operation, all constrained,
even aided, by the infallible second law of thermodynamics for ‘open’ systems.
In fact, the second law is the mother of all organizing principles, leading to
the enormous amounts of cumulative self-organization, structure, symmetry, and
‘emergence’ we see in Nature. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">About the book</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Science is all about trying to understand natural
phenomena under the strict discipline imposed by the celebrated scientific
method. Practically all the systems we encounter in Nature are dynamical
systems, meaning that they evolve with time. Among them there are the ‘simple’
or ‘simplifiable’ systems, which can be handled by traditional, reductionistic
science; and then there are 'complex’ systems, for which nonreductionistic
approaches have to be attempted for understanding their evolution. In this book
the author makes a case that a good way to understand a large number of natural
phenomena, both simple and complex, is to focus on their self-organization and
emergence aspects. Self-organization and emergence are rampant in Nature and,
given enough time, their cumulative effects can be so mind-boggling that many
people have great difficulty believing that there is no designer involved in
the emergence of all the structure and order we see around us. But it is really
quite simple to understand how and why we get so much ‘order for free’. It all
happens because, as ordained by the infallible second law of thermodynamics,
all ‘thermodynamically open’ systems in our ever-expanding and cooling (and
therefore gradient-creating) universe constantly tend to move towards
equilibrium and stability, often ending up in ordered configurations. In other
words, order emerges because Nature tends to find efficient ways to annul
gradients of all types.<br />
<br />
This book will help you acquire a good understanding of the essential features
of many natural phenomena, via the complexity-science route. It has four parts:
(1) Complexity Basics; (2) Pre-Human Evolution of Complexity; (3) Humans and
the Evolution of Complexity; and (4) Appendices. The author gives centrestage
to the second law of thermodynamics for ‘open’ systems, which he describes as
‘the mother of all organizing principles’. He also highlights a somewhat
unconventional statement of this law: ‘Nature abhors gradients’.<br />
<br />
The book is written at two levels, one of which hardly uses any mathematical
equations; the mathematical treatment of some relevant topics has been pushed
to the last part of the book, in the form of ten appendices. Therefore the book
should be accessible to a large readership. It is a general-science book
written in a reader-friendly language, but without any dumbing down of the
narrative.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Foreword</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">In medieval times, our understanding of the world
around us was primarily in the realm of religion and magic. However, it was in
the 15<sup>th</sup> century that a more rational approach to the study of
nature began to appear, followed in the early 18<sup>th</sup> century by the
so-called period of enlightenment. Nonetheless, the role of religion continued
to dominate thought right through the 19<sup>th</sup> and twentieth centuries.
Yet, here we are in the 21<sup>st</sup> century, when one would have thought
that rationality would be the order of the day, we are nonetheless still
surrounded by irrationality, and partly religious magical thinking. You have
only to type the word “crystal” into Google to see page after page on the
magical healing of crystals. For we scientists, such beliefs make no sense at
all and even can be seen as an attack against the scientific method itself. No
doubt, Nature is observed to be complex and at times may seem to be mysterious,
but that does not mean that we should give up and substitute the concept of “belief”
for true scientific examination. This is why the material described in this
book is so useful and important to understand today.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Vinod Wadhawan has been a crusader for rationality
in thinking and public discourse for many years. Though this book has been
designed as a comprehensive textbook on complexity science, it serves many
other purposes as well. He explains how the known processes and understandings
of complex systems can develop from often simple beginnings. While such
happenings may often seem to the layman to be strange or even magical, they are
generally susceptible to scientific reasoning. For example, consider the
appearance in a fluid of regular hexagonal-shaped cells when the fluid is under
a large temperature gradient. This beautiful phenomenon is called <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bénard</span> convection and is fully
understood once one appreciates the underlying thermal convection currents in
the fluid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As Vinod quotes from others,
“Nature abhors gradients”.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Here you will read about a mixture, or better a
fusion, of philosophical and scientific ideas, in a rather accessible language.
After all the field of physics was, and is to this day in Scotland, known as
Natural Philosophy. This soon gets us into a discussion of determinism and
whether free will exists, subjects that have before them centuries of
discussion. One of the means of rationalising the ways of nature is through the
now generally well-accepted ideas inherent in thermodynamics, especially the
Second Law for open systems. The law itself is not provable, but as with so
many examples in science, leads to conclusions that can be tested. Despite this
lack of direct proof, the laws of thermodynamics have stood the test of time
and we do not know of exceptions. Wadhawan makes considerable use of this Law
in explaining the phenomena associated with changes from simple to complex
behaviour.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">An important message that suffuses the book is that
most complex systems are far too complex to be understandable in terms of the
usual reductionistic approach of conventional science. One just cannot set up
and solve a tractable number of differential equations for catching the essence
of most of the complex systems. One has to look beyond reductionism, and
attempt a holistic approach. Very often, difference equations come to the
rescue. The useful tip in this book seems to be: work with difference equations
if you cannot work with differential equations in a meaningful way for trying
to comprehend a complex system. The book gives a pride of place to the subject
of cellular automata for this reason.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">So, in the first part of the book the reader is
treated to a whole range of topics from concepts of evolution, relativity,
quantum theory through the fundamental ideas of symmetry, particle physics,
chaos theory, and causes of complexity in nature. Vinod then takes us on a tour
of pre-human evolution of complexity, addressing knotty questions such as the
meaning of life (but not 42 as in the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy!), and
the fundamental basis of the Darwinian view of the evolution of species.
Darwinian evolution is a subset of dynamical evolution. Dynamical evolution,
controlled as well as aided by the second law of thermodynamics for open
systems, is at the heart of what the science of complex systems is all about.
This fact is brought out very clearly in the book.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">In the next part of the book we meet the evolution
of complexity during human existence, including the founding of various
algorithms, robotics and functions of the human brain. Many of these problems
today remain unresolved, of course, but such is the nature of the scientific
method that constant progress is actually being made in their understanding. In
this we are currently living through a remarkable period of rapid developments
of ideas. Appearance of humans on the scene has led to a rapid increase in the
rate of evolution of complexity. Even more significantly, our remarkable
progress in the field of artificial intelligence has brought up a critical
situation in which our robots are already getting better than us in more and
more aspects. As pointed out by Vinod, the self-evolution of robots can occur
exponentially rapidly, whereas we humans are hardly evolving on that time scale.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There remains the question as to whether the
human brain itself can be reproduced artificially. We are now making
considerable progress in understanding how the brain works and one can argue
that surely there will come a time when science will enable a complete
artificial intelligence to be built, complete with the ability to reason, to
think and perhaps even develop a conscience. Precisely what this means is a hot
topic of current debate. Perhaps the relatively new field of quantum computing
will open this door; but, of course, prediction of the future is difficult and
likely to be wrong! What is certain though is that artificial intelligence is
advancing at such a remarkable rate that the old science fiction view of robots
is beginning to look seriously realistic. The other day I watched a small
machine running around independently mowing the lawn in a neighbour’s garden. I
saw with astonishment how it carefully manoeuvred itself around objects such as
a chair on the lawn. Look at mobile phones. My first computer had 8K store on a
magnetic drum, but today’s mobile phones are several thousand times more
powerful and are capable, for instance, of allowing photographs to be taken at
phenomenal resolution. This has been a triumph of the development of many
fields, including lens design, new materials and new software techniques, let
alone the ability to make telephone calls. Who would have thought of such<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>phenomena outside of the world of scientific
fiction a few years ago? </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Clearly the future belongs to robots. If they turn
out, for instance,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to be made mainly of
inorganic materials, they will outlast all humans, and this even raises the
question as to whether humans as a species will continue to exist or even if
they need to exist. These are deep, possibly troubling, but certainly exciting
prospects to consider, both as a matter of practicality and of ethics. While we
still have some control on robots, we should apply our minds to what kind of a
future we want for ourselves. And good decisions in this regard require a basic
minimum understanding of the science of complex systems by a wide cross section
of society. We are living through a very special time. This is where this book
comes in.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">It can be seen that Vinod Wadhawan has set himself a
momentous and daunting task in putting together into a single book so many
apparently diverse concepts and ideas that might at first seem to be so
disparate as to be intractable. But in fact, we see that there are common
threads, often called simply the Laws of Nature by some. These laws are rapidly
becoming ever more understood and a careful reading of this book will help us
with our observations of the world around us, so that though we may continue to
ask “why?”, sometimes we will come up with a rational explanation.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">This book is epic in the sense that it covers so
much ground that one is left somewhat dizzy. And yet, it all makes sense once
one realizes how it is possible for something that is complex, for example a
flower, to evolve via natural processes from humble beginnings. After all,
starting with single-cell creatures such as amoebae we follow a complicated but
rational evolutionary path to arrive at the most complex organizations that we
know of – ourselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So, if you follow
the logic of this book, starting with the basic concepts of thermodynamics, symmetry,
quantum theory and so on, you will be treated to many many thought-provoking
ideas, which will likely challenge your own preconceptions and leave you
thirsting for more.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Now a few words about the author. I have personally
known Vinod for a long time, ever since he came to work for a while in my
laboratory. At the time he was working on a phenomenon known as ferrogyrotropy,
wherein certain crystals that show chiral (“handedness” if you prefer)
properties, the chiral properties can be switched by application of an external
stimulus. I think he was the only person in the world then studying this
phenomenon. After he left Oxford in 1980 we kept in constant contact, with
Vinod playing an important role as one of my regional editors with the
international journal, Phase Transitions, for which I was the general editor. I
noted that every paper sent to the journal from Indian authors had been closely
edited by Vinod beforehand, and so I knew that I could rely entirely
automatically on his personal skill and judgement. Vinod’s ability at writing
in English is commendable: he obviously has had the benefit of a classical
education. Since returning to India, he has produced several books, starting
with topics related to ferroic materials and smart structures, and eventually
moving on to the more philosophical concepts that have to do with the science
of complexity. So, we come to this his latest book, where Vinod has supplied us
with many nice examples of complexity and how it arises, and as a result the
reader will finish the book much more informed than at the beginning. That,
after all, is the purpose of a book like this.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">A. M. Glazer</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Emeritus Professor of
Physics and</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Emeritus Fellow
of Jesus College, Oxford</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">Former Vice President,
International Union of Crystallography</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">January 2018</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Preface</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I am a scientist and I take pride in the fact that
we humans have invented and perfected the all-important <i>scientific method</i>
for investigating natural phenomena. Wanting to understand natural phenomena is
an instinctive urge in all of us. In this book I make a case that taking the
complexity-science route for satisfying this urge can be a richly rewarding
experience. Complexity science enables us (fully or partially) to find answers to
even the most fundamental questions we may ask about ourselves and about our
universe. We call them <i>the</i> <i>Big Questions</i>: How did our universe
emerge out of ‘nothing’ at a certain point in time; or is it that it has been
there always? Why and how has structure arisen in our universe: galaxies,
stars, planets, life forms? How did life emerge out of nonlife? How does
intelligence emerge out of nonintelligence? These are difficult questions. But,
as Mark Twain is said to have said, ‘there is something fascinating about
science. One gets such wholesale of conjecture out of such a trifling
investment of fact’. As you will see in this book, the Big Questions, as also
many others, can be answered with a good amount of credibility by using just
the following ‘trifling investment of facts’:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. <i>Gradients tend to be obliterated
spontaneously</i>. Concentration gradients, temperature gradients, pressure
gradients, etc. all tend to decrease spontaneously, till a state of equilibrium
is reached, after which the gradients cannot fall any further. This is actually
nothing but a nonstatistical-mechanical version of the <i>second law of
thermodynamics</i>. [Why do gradients arise at all, at a cosmic level? The
original cause of all gradients in the cosmos is the continual expansion and
cooling of our universe. At the local (terrestrial) level, the energy impinging
on our ecosphere from the Sun is the main factor creating gradients.]</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. <i>It requires energy to prevent a gradient from
annulling itself, or to create a new gradient</i>. A refrigerator works on this
principle, as also so many other devices.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.<i> Left to themselves, things go from a state of
less disorder to a state of more disorder, spontaneously.</i> This is the more
familiar version of the second law of thermodynamics. Examples abound. Molecules
in a gas occupy a larger volume spontaneously if the larger volume is made
available to them; but there is practically no way they would occupy the
smaller volume again, on their own.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4. <i>If a system is not left to itself, i.e., if
it is not an isolated system and can therefore exchange energy and/or matter
with its surroundings, then a state of lower disorder <u>can</u> sometimes
arise locally</i>. [This is in keeping with the second law of thermodynamics,
as generalized to cover ‘thermodynamically open’ systems also.] Growth of a
crystal from a fluid is an example. A crystal has a remarkably high degree of
order and design, even though there is no designer involved. To borrow a phrase
from Stuart Kauffman, this is ‘order for free’.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5. <i>If a sustained input of energy drives a
system far away from equilibrium, the system may develop a structure or
tendencies which enable it to dissipate energy more and more <u>efficiently</u>.</i>
This is called <i>dissipation-driven adaptive organization</i>. England (2013)
has shown that all dynamical evolution is more likely to lead to structures and
systems which get better and better at absorbing and dissipating energy from
the environment.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6. <i>The total energy of the universe is
conserved.</i> This is known as the energy-conservation principle. Since energy
and mass are interconvertible, the term ‘energy’ used here really means ‘mass
plus energy’.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7. <i>Natural phenomena are governed by the laws of
quantum mechanics.</i> Classical mechanics, though adequate for understanding
many day-to-day or ‘macroscopic’ phenomena, is only a special, limiting, case
of quantum mechanics.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8. <i>There is an uncertainty principle in
quantum mechanics, one version of which says that the energy-conservation
principle <u>can</u> be violated, though only for a very small, well-specified
duration.</i> The larger the violation of energy conservation, the smaller this
duration is.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">9. <i>It can be understood fully in terms of the
second law of thermodynamics that in a system of interacting entities, entirely
new (unexpected) behaviour or properties can arise if the interactions are
appropriate and strong enough.</i> ‘More is different’ (Anderson 1972). The
technical term for this occurrence is <i>emergence</i>. Complexity science is
mostly about self-organization and emergence, and we shall encounter many
examples of them in this book. To mention a couple of them here: the emergence
of life out of nonlife; and the emergence of human intelligence in a system of
nonintelligent entities, namely the neurons. Interestingly, the second law of
thermodynamics is itself an emergent law. The motion of a molecule is governed
by classical or ‘Newtonian’ mechanics, which has time-reversal symmetry,
meaning that if you could somehow reverse the direction of time, the Newtonian
equations of motion would still hold. And yet, when you put a large number of
these molecules together, there are interactions among them and there emerges a
<i>direction</i> of time: Time increases in the direction in which overall
disorder increases. As I shall discuss later in the book, even the causality
principle is an emergent principle.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10. <i>The dynamics of evolution of a complex
system of interacting entities is mostly through the operation of ‘local rules’</i>.
Chua (1998) has introduced the important notion of cellular nonlinear networks
(CNNs), and enunciated a <i>local-activity dogma</i>. According to it, in order
for a ‘nonconservative’ system or model to exhibit any form of complexity, the
associated CNN parameters must be such that that either the cells or their
couplings are <i>locally active</i>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11.<i> The most adaptable are the most likely to
survive and propagate.</i> Any species, if it is not to become extinct, must be
able to survive and propagate, in an environment in which there is always some
intra-species and/or inter-species competition because different individuals
may all have to fight for the same limited resources like food or space. The
fittest individuals or groups for this task (i.e., the most <i>adaptable</i>
ones) stand a greater chance of winning this game and, as a result, the
population gets better and better (more adapted) at survival and propagation in
the prevailing conditions: the more adaptable or ‘fitter’ ones are not only
more likely to survive, but also stand a greater chance to pass on their genes
to the next generation.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">It is remarkable that an enormous number and
variety of natural phenomena can be understood in terms of just these few
‘commonsense’ facts, by adopting the complexity-science approach. Complexity
science helps us understand, to a small or large extent, even those natural
phenomena which fall outside the scope of conventional reductionistic science.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">What is complexity science, and how is its
operational space different from that of conventional science? Let us begin by
answering the question: What does the phrase ‘system under investigation’ mean
in conventional science? Strictly speaking, since everything interacts with
everything else, the entire cosmos is one big single system. But such an
approach cannot take us very far because it is neither tractable nor useful.
So, depending on our interest, we define a subsystem which is a ‘<i>quasi-isolated
system</i>’. A quasi-isolated system is an imaginary construct, such that what
is outside it can be, to a good approximation, treated as an unchanging
(usually large) ‘background’, or ‘heat bath’ etc. This approach is so common in
conventional science that we just say ‘system’ when what we really mean is a
carefully identified quasi-isolated system. An example from rocket science will
illustrate the point. For predicting the initial trajectory of a rocket, we can
assume safely that a truck moving an adequate distance away from the launching
site will not affect the trajectory <i>significantly</i>. Conventional science
deals mostly with such ‘simple’ or ‘simplifiable’ systems. Complexity science,
by contrast, deals with systems which must be treated in their totality; for
them it is mostly not possible to identify a ‘quasi-isolated subpart’.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">By definition, a complex system is one which
comprises of a large number of ‘members’, ‘elements’ or ‘agents’, which
interact substantially with one another and with the environment, and which
have the potential to generate qualitatively new collective behaviour. That is,
there can be an <i>emergence</i> of new (unexpected) spatial, temporal, or
functional structures or patterns. Different complex systems have different
‘degrees of complexity’, and the amount of information needed to describe the
structure and function of a system is one of the measures of that degree of
complexity (Wadhawan 2010).</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">‘Complexity’ is something we associate with a
complex system (defined above). It is a technical term, and does not mean
the same thing as ‘complicatedness’.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The idea of writing this book took shape when I was
working on my book <i>Smart Structures: Blurring the Distinction between the
Living and the Nonliving</i> (Wadhawan 2007). Naturally, there was extensive
exposure to concepts from complexity science. Like the subject of smart
structures, complexity science also cuts across various disciplines, and
highlights the basic unity of all science. The uneasy feeling grew in me that,
in spite of the fact that complexity is so pervasive and important, it is not
introduced as a well-defined subject even to science students. They are all
taught, say, thermodynamics and quantum mechanics routinely, but not complexity
science. Even among research workers, although a large number are working on
one complex system or another (and not just in physics or chemistry, but also
in biology, brain science, computational science, economics, etc.), not many have
learnt about the basics of complexity science in a coherent manner at an early
stage of their career. I have tried to write a book on complexity that takes
this subject to the classroom at a fairly introductory but comprehensive level.
There is no dumbing down of facts, even at the cost of appearing ‘too
technical’ at times.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Here are some examples of complex systems:
beehives; ant colonies; self-organized supramolecular assemblies; ecosystems;
spin-glasses and other complex materials; stock markets; economies of nations;
the world economy; the global weather pattern. The origin and evolution of life
on Earth was itself a series of emergent phenomena that occurred in highly
complex systems. Evolution of complexity is generally a one-way traffic: The new
emergent features may (in principle) be deducible from, but are not reducible
to, those operating at the next lower level of complexity. Reductionism stands
discounted.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">As I said earlier, emergent behaviour is a hallmark
of complex systems. Human intelligence is also an emergent property: Thoughts,
feelings, and purpose result from the interactions among the neurons.
Similarly, even memories are emergent phenomena, arising out of the
interactions among the large number of ‘unmemory-like’ fragments of information
stored in the brain.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">What goes on in a complex system is essentially as
follows: There is a large number of interacting agents, which may be viewed as
forming a <i>network</i>. In the network-theory jargon, the agents are the
‘nodes’ of the network, and a line joining any two nodes (i.e., an ‘edge’)
represents the interaction between that pair of agents. Any interaction amounts
to communication or exchange of information. The action or behaviour of each
agent is determined by what it ‘sees’ others doing, and its actions, in turn,
determine what the other agents may do. Further, the term <i>game-playing</i>
is used for this mutual interaction in the case of those complex systems in
which the agents are ‘thinking’ organisms (particularly humans). Therefore a
partial list of topics covered in this book is: information theory; network
theory; cellular automata; game theory.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Exchange of information in complex systems,
controlled like other macroscopic phenomena by the second law of
thermodynamics, leads to self-organization and emergence. In particular,
biological evolution is a natural and inevitable consequence of such ongoing
processes, an additional factor for them being the cumulative effects of <i>mutations</i>
and <i>natural selection</i>. This book has chapters on evolution of complexity
of all types: cosmic, chemical, biological, artificial, cultural.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Networked or ‘webbed’ systems have the
all-important <i>nonlinearity</i> feature. In fact, nonlinear response, in
conjunction with substantial departure from equilibrium, is the crux of complex
behaviour. There are many types of nonlinear systems. The most important for
our purposes in this book are those in which, although the output (<i>y</i>) is
indeed proportional to the input (<i>x</i>), the proportionality factor (<i>m</i>)
is not independent of the input; i.e., <i>m</i> is not a constant factor, but
rather varies with what <i>x</i> is. For a linear system we have <i>y = m x</i>,
with m having a fixed value, not varying with <i>x</i>. But for a nonlinear
system, the equation becomes <i>y</i> = <i>m</i>(<i>x</i>) <i>x</i>;
now <i>m</i> is not a constant. This has far-reaching consequences for
the (always networked) complex system. In particular, its future progression of
events is very sensitive to conditions at any particular point of time (the
so-called ‘initial conditions’). This sensitivity to initial conditions is also
the hallmark of <i>chaotic systems</i>. In fact, there is a well-justified
viewpoint that it is impossible to discuss several types of complex systems
without bringing in concepts from chaos theory. And, what is more, complex
systems tend to evolve to a configuration wherein they can operate near the
so-called <i>edge of chaos </i>(neither too much order, nor too much
chaos). There is a chapter on chaos which elaborates on these things.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Inanimate systems can also be complex. Whirlpools
and whirlwinds are familiar examples of dynamic nonbiological complex systems.
Even static physical systems like some nanocomposites may exhibit properties
that cannot always be deduced from those of the constituents of the composite.
A particularly fascinating class of complex materials are the so-called <i>multiferroics</i>.
A multiferroic is actually a ferroic crystalline material (a ‘natural’
composite) which just refuses to be homogeneous over macroscopic length scales,
so that the same crystal may be, say, ferroelectric in some part, and
ferromagnetic in another. In a multiferroic, two or all three of the electric,
magnetic and elastic interactions compete in a delicately balanced manner, and
even a very minor local factor can tilt the balance in favour of one or the
other. This class of materials offers great scope for basic research and for
device applications, particularly in smart structures.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The current concern about ecological conservation
and global warming points to the need for a good understanding of complex
systems, particularly their holistic nature. Mother Earth is a single, highly
complex, system, now increasingly referred to as <i>the System Earth</i>.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A better understanding of complexity may well
become a matter of life and death for the human race. And the subject of complexity
science is still at the periphery of science. It has not yet become mainstream,
in the sense that it is not taught routinely even at the college level. That
cannot go on.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">There are already a substantial number of great
books on complexity science, and I have drawn on them. But I believe that this
book is student-friendly and teacher-friendly, and it brings home the
all-pervasive nature of the subject. Here are its salient features:</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. It provides a comprehensive update on the
subject.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. It can serve as introductory or supplementary
reading for an undergraduate or graduate course on any branch of complexity
science.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. Practically all the mathematical treatment of
the subject has been pushed to the appendices at the end of the book, so the
main text can be comprehended even by those who are not too comfortable with
equations. This is important because a large fraction of the educated public
must get the hang of the nature of complexity, so that we can successfully meet
the challenges posed to our very survival as a species.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4. Both among scientists and nonscientists there is
a large proportion of people who are insufficiently trained about the
explaining power of complexity science when it comes to some of the deepest
puzzles of Nature and, hopefully, this book would help remedy the situation to
some extent.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5. The book has a certain all-under-one-roof
character. The topics covered are so many and so diverse that it would be
well-nigh impossible for a reader, specializing in a particular branch of
complexity science, not to get exposed to what is going on in the rest of
complexity science! This is important, because using the insights gained in one
complex system for trying to understand another complex system is the hallmark
of complexity science.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6. A proper understanding of what complexity
science has already achieved will also help discredit many of the claims of
mystics, supernaturalists, and pseudoscientists.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Bengaluru</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">September, 2017</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>Preface to the Second Edition</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A number of minor corrections and other improvements have been incorporated. The font size has been reduced by 10%. New information has been added, and some less relevant material has been removed.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Vinod Wadhawan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Bengaluru</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">September 2017</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>Preface to the Second Print</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">This print includes a Foreword by Prof. A. M. Glazer of the University of Oxford. A former Vice President of the International Union of Crystallography, he is a veteran crystallographer and a great teacher. I am grateful to him for his kind words and also for many other inputs.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Vinod Wadhawan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Bengaluru</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">January 2018</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Contents</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Foreword</span></b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Preface</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I.
Complexity Basics</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1. Overview 1 </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.1 Preamble 3</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.2 A whirlpool as an example of self-organization
5</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.3 Spontaneous pattern formation: the Bénard
instability 6</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.4 Recent history of investigations in complexity
science 8</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">1.5 Organization of the book 8</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2. The Philosophical and Computational
Underpinnings of Complexity Science 9</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.1 The scientific method for understanding natural
phenomena 9</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.2 Reductionism and its inadequacy for dealing
with complexity 12</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.3 The Laplace demon 13</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.4 Holism 15</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.5 Emergence 16</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.6 Scientific determinism, effective theories 17</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.7 Free will 18</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.8 Actions, reactions, interactions, causality 21</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">2.9 The nature of reality 23</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 25</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.1 The second law for isolated systems 25</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.2 Entropy 26</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.3 The second law for open systems 27</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.4 Nucleation and growth of a crystal 29</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.5 The second law is an emergent law 32</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.6 Emergence, weak and strong 33</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.7 Nature abhors gradients 33</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.8 Systems not in equilibrium 34</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">3.9 Thermodynamics of small systems 35</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4. Dynamical Evolution 37</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.1 Dynamical systems 37</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.2 Phase-space trajectories 37</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.3 Attractors in phase space 38</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.4 Nonlinear dynamical systems 40</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.5 Equilibrium, stable and unstable 40</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.6 Dissipative structures and processes 42</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.7 Bifurcations in phase space 43</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">4.8 Self-organization and order in dissipative
structures 44</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5.Relativity Theory and Quantum Mechanics 47</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5.1.Special theory of relativity 47</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5.2 General theory of relativity 49</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5.3 Quantum mechanics 52</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">5.4 Summing over multiple histories 55</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.The Nature of Information 57</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.1 Russell’s paradox 57</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.2 Hilbert’s formal axiomatic approach to
mathematics 58</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.3 Gödel’s incompleteness theorem 59</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.4 Turing’s halting problem 60</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.5 Elementary information theory 63</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.6 Entropy means unavailable or missing
information 65</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.7 Algorithmic information theory 66</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.8 Algorithmic probability and Ockham’s razor 69</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.9 Algorithmic information content and effective
complexity 70</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.10 Classification of problems in terms of
computational complexity70</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">6.11 ‘Irreducible complexity’ deconstructed 71</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7.Darwinian Evolution, Complex Adaptive Systems,
Sociobiology 75</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7.1 Darwinian evolution 75</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7.2 Complex adaptive systems 77</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7.3 The inevitability of emergence of life on Earth
79</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">7.4 Sociobiology, altruism, morality, group
selection 81</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8. Symmetry is Supreme 83</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.1 Of socks and shoes 83</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.2 Connection between symmetry and conservation
laws 83</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.3 Why so much symmetry? 84</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.4 Growth of a crystal as an ordering process 85</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.5 Broken symmetry 86</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.6 Symmetry aspects of phase transitions 88</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.7 Latent symmetry 89</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.8 Latent symmetry and the phenomenon of emergence
in complex systems 90 </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.9 Broken symmetry and complexity 91</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">8.10 Symmetry of complex networks 92</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">9. The Standard Model of Particle Physics 95</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">9.1 The four fundamental interactions 95</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">9.2 Bosons and fermions 96</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">9.3 The standard model and the Higgs mechanism 98</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10. Cosmology Basics 101</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10.1 The ultimate causes of all cosmic order and
structure 101</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10.2 The Big Bang and its aftermath 102</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10.3 Dark matter and dark energy 105</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10.4 Cosmic inflation 108</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10.5 Supersymmetry, string theories, M-theory 109</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">10.6 Has modern cosmology got it all wrong? 111</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11. Uncertainty, Complexity, and the Arrow of Time
117</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11.1 Irreversible processes, and not entropy,
determine the arrow of time 117</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11.2 Irreversible processes <i>can</i> lead to
order 117</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11.3 The arrow of time and the early universe 118</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11.4 When did time begin? 119</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">11.5 Uncertainty and complex adaptive systems 120</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">12. The Cosmic Evolution of Complexity 123</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">12.1 Our cosmic history 123</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">12.2 We are star stuff 124</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">13. Why Are the Laws of Nature What They Are? 127</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">13.1 The laws of Nature in our universe 127</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">13.2 The anthropic principle 128</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">14. The Universe is a Quantum Computer 131</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">14.1 Quantum computation 131</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">14.2 Quantum entanglement 132</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">14.3 The universe regarded as a quantum computer
133</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">15. Chaos, Fractals, and Complexity 135</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">15.1 Nonlinear dynamics 135</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">15.2 Extreme sensitivity to initial conditions 136</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">15.3 Chaotic rhythms of population sizes 137</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">15.4 Fractal nature of the strange attractor 139</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">15.5 Chaos and complexity 141</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">16. Cellular Automata as Models of Complex Systems
143</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">16.1 Cellular automata 143</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">16.2 Conway’s Game of Life 143</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">16.3 Self-reproducing automata 145</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">16.4 The four Wolfram classes of cellular automata
146</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">16.5 Universal cellular automata 147</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">17. Wolfram’s ‘New Kind of Science’ 149</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">17.1 Introduction 149</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">17.2 Wolfram’s principle of computational
equivalence (PCE) 150</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 14pt;">17.3 The PCE and the rampant occurrence
of complexity 151</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">17.4 Why does the universe run the way it does? 152</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">17.5 Criticism of Wolfram’s NKS 153</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">18. Swarm Intelligence 157</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">18.1 Emergence of swarm intelligence in a beehive
157</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">18.2 Ant logic 159</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">18.3 Positive and negative feedback in complex
systems 160</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19. Nonadaptive Complex Systems 163</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19.1 Composite materials 163</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19.2 Ferroic materials 163</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19.3 Multiferroics 164</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19.4 Spin glasses 165</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19.5 Relaxor ferroelectrics 166</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">19.6 Relaxor ferroelectrics as vivisystems 167</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">20. Self-Organized Criticality, Power Laws 169</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">20.1 The sandpile experiment 169</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">20.2 Power-law behaviour and complexity 170</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">20.3 Robust and nonrobust criticality 173</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">21. Characteristics of Complex Systems 175</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">II.
Pre-Human Evolution of Complexity</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">22. Evolution of Structure and Order in the Cosmos
183</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">22.1 The three eras in the cosmic evolution of
complexity 183</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">22.2 Chaisson’s parameter for quantifying the
degree of complexity 183</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">22.3 Cosmic evolution of information 184</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">22.4<b> </b>Why so much terrestrial complexity? 186</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">23. The Primary and Secondary Chemical Bonds 187</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">23.1 The primary chemical bonds 187</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">23.2 The secondary chemical bonds 189</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">23.3 The hydrogen bond and the hydrophobic
interaction 190</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">24. Cell Biology Basics 193</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">25. Evolution of Chemical Complexity 197</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">25.1 Of locks and keys in the world of molecular
self-assembly 197</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">25.2 Self-organization of matter 199</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">25.3 Emergence of autocatalytic sets of molecules
202</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">25.4 Positive feedback, pattern formation, emergent
phenomena 204</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">25.5 Pattern formation: the BZ reaction 205</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">26. What is Life? 207</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">26.1 Schrödinger and life 207</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">26.2 Koshland’s ‘seven pillars of life’ 209</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">27. Models for the Origins of Life 211</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">27.1 The early work 211</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">27.2 The RNA-world model for the origin of life 213</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">27.3 Dyson’s proteins-first model for the origins
of life 215</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">27.4 Why was evolution extremely fast for the
earliest life? 218</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">28. Genetic Regulatory Networks and Cell
Differentiation 219</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">28.1 Circuits in genetic networks 220</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">28.2 Kauffman’s work on genetic regulatory networks
221</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">29. Ideas on the Origins of Species: From Darwin to
Margulis 223</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">29.1 Darwinism and neo-Darwinism 223</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">29.2 Biological symbiosis and evolution 225</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">29.3 What is a species 227</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">29.4 Horizontal gene transfer in the earliest life
forms 228</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">29.5 Epigenetics 229</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">30. Coevolution of Species 231</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">30.1 Punctuated equilibrium in the coevolution of
species 231</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">30.2 Evolutionarily stable strategies 232</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">30.3 Of hawks and doves in the logic of animal
conflicts 234</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">30.4 Evolutionary arms races and the life-dinner
principle 236</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">31. The Various Energy Regimes in the Evolution of
Our Ecosphere 241</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">31.1 The thermophilic energy regime 242</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">31.2 The phototrophic energy regime 244</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">31.3 The aerobic energy regime 245</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">III. Humans
and the Evolution of Complexity</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32. Evolution of Niele’s Energy Staircase After the
Emergence of Humans 249</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.1 The pyrocultural energy regime 249</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.2 The agrocultural energy regime 251</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.3 The carbocultural energy regime 252</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.4 The green-valley approach to System Earth 253</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.5 The imperial approach to System
Earth 254</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.6 A nucleocultural energy regime? 256</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">32.7 A possible ‘heliocultural’ energy regime 258</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33. Computational Intelligence 261</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33.1 Introduction 261</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33.2 Fuzzy logic 262</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33.3 Neural networks, real and artificial 263</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33.4 Genetic algorithms 265</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33.5 Genetic programming: Evolution of computer
programs 267</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">33.6 Artificial life 271</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">34. Adaptation and Learning in Complex Adaptive
Systems 273</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">34.1 Holland’s model for adaptation and learning
273</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">34.2 The bucket brigade in Holland’s algorithm 274</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">34.3 Langton’s work on adaptive computation 276</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">34.4 The edge-of-chaos existence of complex
adaptive systems 278</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">35. Smart Structures 281</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">35.1 The three main components of a smart structure
281</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">35.2 Reconfigurable computers and machines that can
evolve 283</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">36. Robots and Their Dependence on Computer Power
287</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">36.1 Behaviour-based robotics 287</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">36.2 Evolutionary robotics 288</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">36.3 Evolution of computer power per unit cost 290</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">37. Machine Intelligence 295</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">37.1 Artificial distributed intelligence 295</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">37.2 Evolution of machine intelligence 296</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">37.3 The future of intelligence and the status of
humans 298</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">38. Evolution of Language 303</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">39. Memes and Their Evolution 307</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">40. Evolution of the Human Brain, and the Nature of
Our Neocortex 311</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">40.1 Evolution of the brain 312</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">40.2 The human neocortex 313</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">40.3 The history of intelligence 315</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">41. Minsky’s and Hawkins’ Models for how Our Brain
Functions 319</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">41.1 Marvin Minsky’s ‘Society of Mind’ 319</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">41.2 Can we make decisions without involving
emotions? 320</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">41.3 Hawkins’ model for intelligence and
consciousness 323</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">42. Inside the Human Brain 325</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">42.1 Probing the human Brain 325</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">42.2 Peering into the human brain 327</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">43. Kurzweil’s Pattern-Recognition Theory of Mind
331</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44. The Knowledge Era and Complexity Science 337</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44.1 The wide-ranging applications of complexity
science 337</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44.2 Econophysics 338</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44.3 Application of complexity-science ideas in
management science 341</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44.4 Cultural evolution and complexity transitions
343</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44.5 Complexity leadership theory 345</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">44.6 Complexity science in everyday life 345</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">45. Epilogue 347</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">IV.
Appendices</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A1. Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Statistical
Mechanics 357</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A1.1 Equilibrium thermodynamics 357</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A1.2 Statistical mechanics 360</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A1.3 The ergodicity hypothesis 360</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A1.4 The partition function 361</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A1.5 Tsallis thermodynamics of small systems 361</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A2. Probability Theory 365</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A2.1 The notion of probability 365</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A2.2 Multivariate probabilities 365</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A2.3 Determinism and predictability 367</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A3. Information and Uncertainty 369</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A3.1 Information theory 369</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A3.2 Shannon’s formula for a numerical measure of
information 370</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A3.3 Shannon entropy and thermodynamic entropy 371</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A3.4 Uncertainty 372</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A3.5 Algorithmic information theory 373</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A4. Thermodynamics and Information 375</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A4.1 Entropy and information 375</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A4.2 Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy 376</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A4.3 Mutual information and redundancy of
information 377</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5. Systems Far from Equilibrium 379</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5.1 Emergence of complexity in systems far from
equilibrium 379</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5.2 Nonequilibrium classical dynamics 380</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5.3 When does the Newtonian description break
down? 383</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5.4 Generalization of Newtonian
dynamics 384</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5.5 Pitchfork bifurcation 386</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A5.6 Extension of Newton’s laws 386</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6. Quantum Theory and Particle Physics 389</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.1 Introduction 389</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.2 The Heisenberg uncertainty principle 389</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.3 The Schrödinger equation 390</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.4 The Copenhagen interpretation 391</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.5 Time asymmetry 391</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.6 Multiple universes 391</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.7 Feynman’s sum-over-histories formulation 392</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.8 Quantum Darwinism 393</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.9 Gell-Mann’s coarse-graining interpretation 393</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.10 Poincaré resonances and quantum theory 394</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.11 Model-dependent realism, intelligence,
existence 396</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.12 The principle of conservation of quantum
information 397</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A6.13 Particle physics 398</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7. Theory of Phase Transitions and Critical
Phenomena 401</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.1 A typical phase transition 401</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.2 Liberal definitions of phase transitions 401</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.3 Instabilities can cause phase transitions 402</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.4 Order parameter of a phase transition 403</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.5 The response function corresponding to the
order parameter 404</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.6 Phase transitions near thermodynamic
equilibrium 404</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.7 The Landau theory of phase transitions 405</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.8 Spontaneous breaking of symmetry 407</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.9 Field-induced phase transitions 407</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.10 Ferroic phase transitions 408</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.11 Prototype symmetry 409</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.12 Critical phenomena 409</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A7.13 Universality classes and critical exponents
410</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A8. Chaos Theory 413</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A8.1 The logistic equation 413</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A8.2 Lyapunov exponents 416</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A8.3 Divergence of neighbouring trajectories 417</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A8.4 Chaotic attractors 419</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9. Network Theory and Complexity 421</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.1 Graphs 421</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.2 Networks 425</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.3 The travelling-salesman problem 426</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.4 Random networks 427</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.5 Percolation transitions in random networks 428</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.6 Small-world networks 429</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.7 Scale-free networks 431</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.8 Evolution of complex networks 432</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.9 Emergence of symmetry in complex networks 433</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A9.10 Chua’s cellular nonlinear networks as a
paradigm for emergence and complexity 435</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A10. Game Theory 439</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A10.1 Introduction 439</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A10.2 Dual or two-player games 442</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A10.3 Noncooperative games 449</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A10.4 Nash equilibrium 450</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A10.5 Cooperative games 450</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Bibliography 453</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Index 481</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Acknowledgements 491</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">About the Author 492</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">
</span></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-59489457749244586212016-05-31T08:30:00.000+05:302017-07-05T17:46:58.770+05:30DOING SCIENCE IN INDIA. A PERSONAL NARRATIVE (Part 3 of 3)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">12. AT
B.A.R.C. AGAIN, AS RAJA RAMANNA FELLOW (2005-2010)</span></b>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">For the Raja
Ramanna Fellowship (RRF) I opted to be based at BARC Mumbai, rather than at
CAT Indore. The BARC library, an old friend, was an important reason for this.
I spent most of the time during this tenure on book writing, and on giving
lectures. A couple of collaborations ensured that original-research papers kept
appearing, in reasonable numbers.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">During this
tenure I also supervised the writing and submission of Ph. D. theses of three
of my juniors from CAT Indore.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Had the BARC<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> changed much since I <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">left it in 1991 and moved to CAT Indore?</span></span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">T</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">here wa<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s one palpable improvement, thanks to </span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">the then Chair<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">man of AEC (D<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">r</span>. Anil Kakodkar) and</span></span> the the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n </span></span></span></span></span></span>Director of BARC (Dr. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">B</span>anerjee)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">.</span> They had succeeded to a <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">substantial</span> extent in reaching out directly to and benefiting many bright<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> and hardworking youngsters amo<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ng the scientist<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s and engineers,<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">throug<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">h special grants of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">funds for certain specific research projects proposed by the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> young workers</span></span></span></span>. I could not help feeling a twinge of envy towards these <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">people</span>, because <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">my thoughts went back to the da<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ys (1977) </span></span></span>when I had b<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">egun investigations on ferroelastic materials and I was denied a simple optical polarizing microscope of my own, the kind available even to school children.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Another major improvem<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ent, thanks to Dr. Vijai Kumar (the then Head of the H<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">uman Resources Division</span>), and also Dr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">R</span>avi Grover </span></span>(<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the then Director, Knowledge <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">M</span>anagement Group</span> of BARC), was the digiti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">z</span>ation of the information services of the entire DAE. We now had access <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">to a huge number of journals and other sources of information right at our table tops. This was a boon for me for my book-writing work.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I had started
writing my book on smart structures (Wadhawan 2007) in 2001, and it was completed
during my RRF days at BARC. I sent the book-publishing proposal to the Oxford
University Press, Oxford, one of the oldest and the most prestigious
publishers. Their publishing process is interesting. The in-principle
acceptance of the proposal and other decisions are taken by a committee headed
by the Vice Chancellor of the University of Oxford. Two anonymous reviewers
were appointed, and their comments were communicated to me. They had chosen the
reviewers well, who made very penetrating and helpful comments. I have a rather
keen sense of observation regarding the words people use in speech and writing.
I could guess correctly the identity of one of the reviewers from a tell-tale
word he used in a sentence. If I remember right, the word was ‘hubris’. It
occurred to me that I had met this person at a conference in Canada, and he had
used this word at least twice in my presence.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Anyway, the
manuscript was accepted, and then started the rather slow and detailed process
of publication. I got a bit impatient, considering that they took more than a
year to complete it.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g7o6FJzXIh0/V4JfZZtTOwI/AAAAAAAAEUQ/FMRXkV3Iu94iKb7CWbNdo-XqoLvGs5ELgCLcB/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g7o6FJzXIh0/V4JfZZtTOwI/AAAAAAAAEUQ/FMRXkV3Iu94iKb7CWbNdo-XqoLvGs5ELgCLcB/s400/index.jpg" width="261" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These days,
self-publishing has become available as a good option, so my next two books are
self-publications. The advantage with self-publication is that it is very fast,
and <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the author is </span>fully in control. You can bring out a revised edition instantly
just by uploading a new, revised, pdf file. You can even set the price of the
book. But self-publication is not for everybody. I can do it because of my
considerable language and editing skills. I am able to draft, edit, typeset,
and upload the book, without needing any help from anybody, and w<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ithout spending even a single rupee</span>. But the
disadvantage is that the book does not go through the usual
process of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">anonymous</i> refereeing, although
you are always free to send the manuscript to experts for critical comments.
Moreover, the book does not have the label, say, ‘published by the Oxford
University Press’. If published by the OUP, the libraries would first buy the
book (just because of the reputation of the publisher), and the question of the
merit of the book would come afterwards! I<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> any case, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">since</span> I don't care much about the number of copies the book sells, the eno<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rmous se<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nse of co<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ntrol and responsibili<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ty that comes wi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">th <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">self-publishing</span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">suits my temperament greatly.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After ferroic
materials and smart structures, my next obsession has been complexity science.
In 2010 I published a book on it: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Complexity
Science: Tackling the Difficult Questions We Ask about Ourselves and about Our
Universe</i>’ (Wadhawan 2010).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kS3Gpw-GcGU/V0z7e7xMimI/AAAAAAAAERE/YnF43I-EmPcccuFFkL2kLXypdiU1yAQlQCLcB/s1600/CompBook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-kS3Gpw-GcGU/V0z7e7xMimI/AAAAAAAAERE/YnF43I-EmPcccuFFkL2kLXypdiU1yAQlQCLcB/s400/CompBook.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This book was translated into P<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">o</span>lish by Ms. Malgor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">zata Koraszewska in 2010. </span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cxGF7kMHcuw/V4T4ypY-iNI/AAAAAAAAEUg/I7ZAG-JRfjEatleowkkHIuIpKsez9Lb_wCKgB/s1600/Image1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cxGF7kMHcuw/V4T4ypY-iNI/AAAAAAAAEUg/I7ZAG-JRfjEatleowkkHIuIpKsez9Lb_wCKgB/s320/Image1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Since then I
have been working on a better and bigger book on this subject. In this still
ongoing project when I came to writing about the symmetry aspects of complex
systems, I realized that I had too much material on that topic, and it would
not be a good idea to bury all that as an extra-long chapter in the book on complexity
science. So I took time off and wrote a stand-alone book on symmetry: ‘<i>Latent,
Manifest, and Broken Symmetry: A Bottom-up Approach to Symmetry, with
Implications for Complex Networks</i>’ (Wadhawan 2011/2014).</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This book discusses, among many<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> other things about symme<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">try, the symme<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">try of composite systems. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">T</span></span></span>he Hermann theorem<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">crystal physics</span></span> sta<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tes</span> that if a crystal possesses an N-fold axis of symmetry, and we consider a tensor property of rank r such that r < N, then <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">this symmetry axis has the same effect on t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hat tensor property as <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">when</span> N = infinity. In other words, the <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">system</span> possesses 'transverse isotropy' so far as this property is concerned The <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">theorem can be applied, not only to crystals, but other composite systems also (making due allowances for the length scales involved). I ha<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d</span> applied it to rationalize why, f<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">or exa<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">mple, the familiar cross-ply plywood do<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">es</span> not war<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">p under changes of temperature or humidity, whereas any single ply would (Wadhawan 1987). Carrying such cons<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i</span>derations furthe<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">r, I have proposed in this book something I had worked out many years ago but had not published<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, namely a 'hexply' confi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">guration for certain nanocomposites<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Suppose we consider the elastic stiffness tensor (a tensor of rank 4) for a cross-ply composite l<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">aminate<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">. T</span>he efective point-group symmetry for it is 4/mmm. Transverse isotropy does not exist for this tensor property because r = 4 for it and thus N = r<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, rather than N > r. To <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">achieve the effective symmetry 'infinity by<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>mm' for th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e composite</span> (necessary for transverse iso<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tropy</span>) we mus<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t design the composite such t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hat N is greater than or equal to 5. The configuratio<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n w<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ith N = 6 (<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the so-called hexply</span>) would be suitable and conve<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nient to make. Similar considerations apply to the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> photoela<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">stic tensor also. A variety of nanocomposites are being designed these days for optical applications. If it is desired that a ply-configuration composite be not only optically uniaxial, but also pos<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">sess transverse iso<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tropy of phot<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">oelastic behaviour, then the hexply configuration is necessary. <i>Such<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> a materi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">al would be free f<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rom vibration-indu<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ced fluctuations of tranverse birefringence. </span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9XJ8GOTXh40/V0z7tn_9UrI/AAAAAAAAERI/FjW96rkydoME1x2N2A-D7JuObuFtkOQ1QCLcB/s1600/LatSym.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9XJ8GOTXh40/V0z7tn_9UrI/AAAAAAAAERI/FjW96rkydoME1x2N2A-D7JuObuFtkOQ1QCLcB/s400/LatSym.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Complexity
science is the next big thing in science, the final frontier. Conventional
science, that is the science we have been doing so far, is generally about
‘simple’ or ‘simplifiable’ systems. Complexity science dares to study systems
which just cannot be simplified so much that the reductionistic approach may work.
Any attempt at modelling by making simplifying assumptions about a complex
system destroys the very essence of the system. Clearly, new, unconventional
approaches are needed, and most of the Indian scientists, true to character, usually shun
anything unconventional and daring. In fact, I find that most of them are
complexity-science illiterate.</span>
</div>
<h3 align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Complexity science has determined my worldview. I
have written about that in detail in one of my blog posts: ‘Complexity Science
and My Worldview’ (Wadhawan 2014b). This post begins as follows: ‘We humans
have a strong sense of self-awareness and we seek answers to questions like why
the universe is what it is, why the laws of Nature are what they are, who
created the universe, who created life, . . . etc. In this partly
autobiographical article I describe how the science of complexity has given me
the answers to such questions and moulded my worldview’.</span></h3>
<h3 align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></span></h3>
<h3 align="left" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">13. THE
POST-‘RETIREMENT’ YEARS (2011 - ?)</span></h3>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After my
tenure as a Raja Ramanna Fellow at BARC <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">was over</span> (at the end of 2010), I have
settled in Bengaluru, where my son and his family live.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Now I depend
entirely on the Internet for all my academic activities. While the project for
writing a college-level book on complexity science has been going on in the
background, I have been quite active on my blog. I have written ~200 blog posts
to date. This includes a series of 131 posts under the label ‘<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/search/label/Understanding%20Natural%20Phenomena">Understanding Natural Phenomena</a>’</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.
My goal here was to simplify complexity science, and explain how order can keep
emerging out of disorder so long as there is a supply of free energy or negative
entropy.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The response
to my blog posts has shown me how easy it has become now to mentor a large
number of people worldwide, all because of the Internet. To date there have
been 202612 pageviews of my blog. A full 83424 of them (the highest number) have
been, not from India, but from the USA. This is what the high level of literacy
can do to a country. The already literate get more literate at a faster rate.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">14. THE
IMPORTANCE OF S<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">K</span>EPTICISM AMONG SCIENTISTS</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Society looks
up to scientists for being opinion leaders when it comes to getting answers to
the fundamental questions we humans ask about ourselves and about our universe.
This includes the God question. Sadly, there are hardly any Indian scientists
who are willing to stick their neck out and call a spade a spade. In fact,
some of our senior scientists set very bad personal examples on such matters.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I was born in
a deeply religious Hindu family. The childhood conditioning made me a religious
person in the beginning. It was during the college years that I broke free and
started questioning the basis of why one should believe in a God. I have given
details elsewhere (Wadhawan 2014b), and I quote from that post:</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Many of us take it for granted
that for every effect there must be a cause, and that <i>that</i> cause is the
effect of a previous cause, and so on: Cause – effect – cause – effect - . . .
. Is there (and can there be) an ultimate cause, the cause of all the ensuing
effects? Many people are of the belief that ‘God’ is that ultimate and final
cause, the ‘uncaused cause’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘But how can there be an uncaused cause? If you
truly believe that God must be there because for every effect there must be a
cause, then God also must be the effect of some still higher-level cause, and
so on, <i>ad infinitum</i>. So, postulating the existence of God does not
really help; it just pushes the ultimate question to ‘Who created God?’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Suppose you say that one must stop somewhere in
the reverse chain effect-cause-effect-cause-effect-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. . . and then say finally that ‘I do not
know who created God’. If you are willing to say that, then God becomes an
unnecessary and therefore superfluous hypothesis: You may as well say that we
do not know how the universe came into existence, why is there anything at all,
why are the laws of Nature what they are, etc. In fact it turns out that modern
science (particularly its somewhat new branch called ‘complexity science’) does
have credible answers to these questions now.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">’</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the beginning I used to call myself an atheist
and a rationalist. At some stage the label ‘</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">humanist
atheist’ seemed to describe me <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">well</span>. Then I realized that the term
‘freethinker’ would be even better. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Talking about
humanists and atheists and freethinkers, the fact is that they come in a
variety of hues and tendencies. For example, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/">http://nirmukta.com</a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>promotes a rather
militant form of freethought. Nirmukta was run by Ajita Kamal in the initial
years; he died some time back. In fact, my debut on the Internet was through an
article I wrote at Nirmukta.com (Wadhawan 2009a).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I found the
Internet a very exciting platform for having one’s say. At Nirmukta the most
widely read article I have written is the one co-authored with Ajita Kamal
(Wadhawan & Kamal 2009b). It debunked biocentrism, and was quoted, among
many others, by P. Z. Meyers at <i>Pharyngula</i>, and Steven Novella at <i>Neurologica</i>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My interaction
with Ajita Kamal was very fruitful. He pointed out to me that the typical
attention span of the denizens of the Internet is not long, so one should avoid
writing long articles on the Internet. He also induced me to write a series of
articles for Nirmukta (cf. Kamal 2010). I also became friends with Dr.
Prabhakar Kamath during those days. He is a well-known psychiatrist and
scholar, settled in the USA, and has recently written a very different kind of
book on the Bhagwa<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d</span> Gita (Kamath 2013). He points out several inconsistencies
among its <i>shlokas</i>, and gives his version of the reasons for these. I
quote:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Around the
middle of 3<sup>rd</sup> century B.C. loyalists of the Brahmanic Dharma created
the <i>metaphoric parable</i> of Arjuna Vishada in reaction to (the) ascendance
of Buddhism under Ashoka Maurya’s enthusiastic patronage (ruled 272-232 B.C.).
Its goal was to shore up the sagging Varna Dharma, and prevent exodus of
people, especially Kshatriays, from Brahmanism to Buddhism. In fact, in this poetic
parable, a grieving Ashoka on the battlefield of Kalinga (261 B.C.) was the
model for a sorrowful Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘The central
message to (the) renegade Kshatriays in this story was that no matter how
imperfect Brahmanism might be, one should not abandon it like (the) traitorous
Ashoka and his cohorts did. Instead one must perform one’s socio-religiously
designated duty (Svadharma) as dictated by the Varna Dharma resting on the
doctrine of Guna/Karma.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Somewhat
later, Upanishadists introduced their doctrines of Brahman and Yoga into the
text in an effort to overthrow decaying Brahmanism, and to reform ritualist
Brahmins and Kshatriyas into Jnanayogis and Karmayogis respectively.
Predictably there was Brahmanic resurgence and backlash. At this point
Bhagavatas entered the fray on the side of Upanishadists. They integrated the
basic tenets of all Dharmas of India into the broad-based Bhagavata Dharma
centred on <i>Lord Krishna alone</i>, introduced Bhaktiyoga as the alternative
to all other modes of worship, and exhorted people to take refuge in Him alone.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘This is how
the 77 shloka-long Arjuna Vishada burgeoned to 701 shloka-long text known as
the Bhagavad Gita-Upanishad. When the dust settled, Brahmanic editor(s) <i>hyper-edited</i>
the text to integrate the three diverse doctrines, and to conceal evidence of
conflict among them. This is how Hinduism rose like a Phoenix from the ashes of
Brahmanism, and the Bhagavad Gita became its somewhat incoherent manifesto.’</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The faithfuls
are not amused with this kind of interpretation of the Gita but, I think,
instead of attacking the credentials and motives of Dr. Kamath, they should
respect scepticism and come out with refutations based on facts and logic. Similarly, as I wrote in my re<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ader-comments (on Flipkart)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, D<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">r</span>. Kamath </span></span>should al<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">so come out with more evidence </span>to back his extraordinary<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, even provocative, views on the Gita.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gradually my
interest in Nirmukta faded. I felt that the people there tended to take a
rather extreme stand on issues which are of a debatable nature. See, for
example, the posts by Kamal (2009), Kakkalia (2009), Nayak (2010), and
Veluswami (2012).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My own
approach has been to be gentle when it comes to controversial issues, and make
your point in small, incremental steps. This is best illustrated by the set of
131 posts I wrote on my blog (one every week) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">under the label ‘Understanding Natural Phenomena’ (cf. Wadhawan 2014c, and the
references therein). These posts do promote freethought, but by using scientific facts and logic in a<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n impersonal manner, befitting of any scientific discourse</span>, and in small doses only.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The debate on
the God question is not likely to conclude anytime soon. Richard Dawkins (2006)
spoke in terms of probabilities regarding the God question. According to him,
on a scale of seven, if you are certain that there is no God, then you are a
7/7 atheist. He described himself as a 6/7 atheist in that book, but said in an
interview later that he is a 6.9/7 atheist. I think this is a meaningless
exercise. In any scientific disc<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ussion</span> there should be, first of all, complete
clarity and agreement on what each term used in the d<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ebate</span> means. Suppose
‘God’ means the creator of everything (because of the assumption that there <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">must</span> be a cause for every effect). This ‘God hypothesis’, put forward under
the assumption of the law of causality, is superfluous and unnecessary because,
as I said above, it just shifts the fundamental question to ‘Who created God?’.
Richard Dawkins is making the mistake of assigning probabilities for the
validity or correctness of a hypothesis which is not only unnecessary, but also
self-contradictory<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">;</span> self-contradictory because it assumes the validity of the
causality principle and then negates the principle by saying that God has no
cause. Victor Stenger described it as ‘a failed hypothesis’ (Stenger 2007).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In my view,
all that we have is Nature, and we are a part of it. A person with a scientific
perspective, with no allegiances to any organized religion, has a tremendous
sense of freedom, as also awe as to how wondrous natural phenomena are. One
feels happy and elated at being a part of this universe. The term ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">scientific pantheism</i>’ is apt for this
approach to life (Harrison 1999/2013), and I am a scientific pantheist minus
the reverence part of it. [It is necessary to add the adjective ‘scientific’ because
a lot of nonsensical mumbo jumbo went by the name ‘pantheism’ before the
ascendance of the scientific method for understanding natural phenomena.
Scientific pantheism is completely in consonance with the tenets of the
scientific method.]</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There are
three main types of scientific pantheism (Harrison 1999/2013): <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dualist pantheism</i> (‘spirit and matter
are two completely different substances, and the soul is to some extent
separate from the body and can survive the death of the body)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">;</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">physicalist pantheism</i> (‘there is only
one fundamental substance, namely matter/energy, and mind is a property of
matter’)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">;</span> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">idealist pantheism</i>
(‘the one basic substance is mind or consciousness, and matter is simply a
creation or delusion of mind’). I am a physicalist scientific-pantheist. I am
one with Nature, and everything wondrous and beautiful in it is available to me
to admire, explore, and try to protect.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">So, I have
evolved from being a believer, to being a
humanist-atheist-rationalist-freethinker, to, finally, a
scientific<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>pantheist of the physicalist variety.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SLzVcjUDNbQ/V8ElMqfdZQI/AAAAAAAAEVQ/CoavOZ_YoUcHtXdHmz0bd06l2UaWO3PGQCLcB/s1600/10350618_929319653751822_896476350607322883_n.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SLzVcjUDNbQ/V8ElMqfdZQI/AAAAAAAAEVQ/CoavOZ_YoUcHtXdHmz0bd06l2UaWO3PGQCLcB/s640/10350618_929319653751822_896476350607322883_n.png" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I quo<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">te M. Karyn o<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">f the World Panthe<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ist Movement : '</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">For
me, calling the Universe <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">"</span>god<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">"</span> does not accurately convey my experience
of it. Rather than making the Universe my god, I prefer to view my
experience as one of having gone beyond the god-oriented paradigm, from <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">"</span>having a god<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">"</span> to embracing something more elemental and profound: Life
Itself, the Cosmos Itself, as an ever-changing tapestry in which I am
one thread contributing to the living pattern'.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><br /></span></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yt3tauDz8QE/WAYMKVfmcBI/AAAAAAAAEWo/rXe6N5UOvZYNbde0SWRs3JxPyEhWRXvEgCLcB/s1600/im.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yt3tauDz8QE/WAYMKVfmcBI/AAAAAAAAEWo/rXe6N5UOvZYNbde0SWRs3JxPyEhWRXvEgCLcB/s640/im.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span>(<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "" sans-serif "" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Pantheism/photos/a.96049621080.111440.89590536080/10154610353306081/?type=3&theater">https://www.facebook.com/Pantheism/photos/a.96049621080.111440.89590536080/10154610353306081/?type=3&theater</a></span>)<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">15. WHAT’S
WRONG WITH INDIAN SCIENCE?</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Plenty.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">15.1 The
science academies of India</span></u></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The science academies of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">India are good in patches. There are a large number of great Indian scientists who are deserved<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ly Fellows of these academies.</span></span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">But then the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">re are those who are <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">too</span> mediocre to <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">deserve to </span></span></span></span>be Fe<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">llows of thes<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e academies</span>. How d<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hey get in?</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I am not a
Fellow of any of these academies. This is a reflection, not on
me, but on the academies, and is one example of what is wrong with Indian
science. My nomination was first filed for a Fellowship of the Indian National
Science Academy (INSA), Delhi. Not successful. The name was sent again. Not
successful again. Once I happened to be having a chat with one of the ex-Presidents
of INSA, and mentioned to him about this. His comment was typical of what only
a true-blood Punjabi from Delhi can say so<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> candidly</span>. He said that one has to keep licking
the boots of the captains of Indian science till the job is done. That reminded
me of how I have been describing this malaise in Indian science: ‘One
must not only wag one’s tail when the Boss is around, one must also wag it
vigorously enough<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">;</span> and wag it even when he is not around’!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I was also
nominated for a Fellowship of the Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS), Bengaluru.
This time the big boss happened to be sitting in the final committee meeting.
Negative.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Much later, Dr. S.
K. Sikka sent my papers to an academy whose name I forget except that it is
based in Allahabad. No success again. Dr. Sikka wanted to send my papers again next
year, but I declined. I wrote to him: ‘Thank you very much, but I gave one
chance to the academy to elect me and they have failed. I am not giving them a
second chance’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is
something called intellectual corruption, and the science academies of India
are guilty of that to a substantial extent<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">;</span> or perhaps their value system is
not what it should be; or <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">both</span>. The stranglehold of the big bosses is a curse we have to
tackle if Indian science is to do better, much better. On the face of it, there
is a democratic process wherein the existing Fellows elect new Fellows. But the
glaring mistakes tell a sordid story of their own (continued below). The whole
thing appears to be both intellectually corrupt and conceptually defective, and not inclusive
enough.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">15.2
Recognition of good science in India</span></u></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Science in
India is not run by the best of scientists. In my bitter moments I say
sometimes that in Indian science the place at the top is not for gentlemen. A
kind of political ferocity, even street-smartness, is needed for the jobs where people decide the fate
of Indian science. The system is not able to send the best scientists
to th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> top</span> (of course, there are <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">some ho<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nourable exceptions to this</span></span>). And <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the system</span> is self-perpetuating.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The requisite ‘<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">q</span>ualification’
for the Fellowship of the science academies is only one of the manifestations
of the malaise. Another is the mistakes committed (usually for personal rather tha<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n professional reasons</span>) in the <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">assessment</span>
of the worth of scientists. This is best exemplified by the case of Dr. <a href="http://barc-in.academia.edu/AbhasMitra">Abhas Mitra</a> of BARC</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">,
who retired recently on superannuation. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mitra (1991, 1996,
2010, 2014) took on Stephen Hawking, no less, by showing that a
general-relativistic collapse should lead to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">quasi</i>-black holes rather than true black holes, and that these
so-called black holes are more likely to be ultra-magnetized, ultra-compact, ultra-hot
balls of fire / plasma. Recent NASA observations apparently corroborate his
research that the so-called black holes are only approximate black holes, from
which matter and energy <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">can</i> escape. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: 0.75pt;">He has coined two basic terms in
astrophysics: Eternally collapsing object (ECO), and Einstein-Eddington time
scale </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">of contraction of self-gravitating objects.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mitra’s research
has spanned a wide range of activities: Gamma-ray astronomy, X-ray binaries and
millisecond pulsars, cosmic gamma-ray bursts, diffusive shock acceleration, general
relativity, gravitational collapse, various aspects of cosmology, and classical
mechanics.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One would expect that a scientist of that calibre
and range would get his due share of appreciation and honours from his peers in
India. Not so. He retired as just a Section Head in BARC, and not a Division
Head or a Group Director. After retirement he just went home. No extension of
service, no Raja Ramanna Fellowship for him. Nothing. [Of course he continues
to be active professionally, from home.]</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">To get my
facts right while writing this article, I asked him whether he is a Fellow of
any of the Indian science academies. He said ‘None’. He was nominated, but did
not find enough support. He thinks that in 99% of the cases it is a matter of
‘match fixing’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">He went on to
tell me about a very senior and one of the most successful general-relativists
of India: Prof. K. D. Krori. Like Mitra, Prof. Krori is also a self-taught
general-relativist, who also introduced GR to North-East India. He retired as
Principal of the well-known Cotton College, Guwahati, and had guided the Ph. D.
work of ~18 students, and has ~115 papers in PR, PRL, Can. J. Phys., J. Math.
Phys., JPHyA, CQG and many others. He is famous for <a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975JPhA....8..508K"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the Krori-Barua solution</i></a> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(‘A
singularity-free solution for a charged fluid sphere in general relativity’).
But he remained outside the ‘network’, the tribe of relativists led by
Narlikar, Dadhich etc. ‘They completely ignored him, partly because he is a
simple straightforward unassuming person’. He is 84 now, still writing books
and articles. He is not a Fellow of any of the Indian science academies.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abhas Mitra
has his version of who were the senior scientists in BARC who did him in. But I
shall speak here from first-hand knowledge about one of them. He was the
‘seniormost physicist of the DAE’ (his own phrase) in those days, so there was no
question of anybody bypassing or overruling him when it came to deciding about
the merits of Abhas’s work. And he was not impressed. I suggested to him (during my tenure<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> as a Raja Ram<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">anna F<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ellow at BARC</span></span></span>) that
Abhas should be asked to give a public lecture (‘Trombay Colloquium’) about his
work, and some experts could be invited to the lecture for a professional
review in an open manner. That was not done.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is a
larger question here: Was he the only culprit? He is a theoretical physicist but not an astrophysicist or a
cosmologist, and in this age of ultra-specialization the bosses have to depend
on the opinions of experts about the worth of any piece of research work. So
what have the experts in India been saying about Abhas’s work? Nothing.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Here is an
excerpt from a Facebook chat I had with Abhas:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">VKW: Abhas, <span class="uficommentbody">I am only a materials scientist, with absolutely no
pretensions to being a theoretician. But what amazes me is that even an expert
like Jayant Narlikar said nothing about your work in an article he wrote for
Physics News (IPA), December 2014 issue. This amounts to shirking
responsibility. People like him should either admire you for your work, or tell
laypersons like me as to what they think is wrong in it.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">AM:
JVN is a strange case, yet he has much more integrity than many (other) Indian
“scholars/researchers”. Personally, he does not believe in BHs (black holes),
he has even some papers on it. But in public as far as BH is concerned he is
with the mainstream. I am in touch with him since 1999, he is aware of all my
peer reviewed papers, but his attitude here may be why take panga with Hawking
& the world for the sake of an unknown BARC physicist. He is against
mainstream as far (as) cosmology is concerned as his 99% stake is in Cosmology:<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>“It
is shown that inconsistencies arise when we look upon the Schwarzschild
solution as the space-time arising from a localized point singularity. The
notion of black holes is critically examined, and it is argued that, since
black hole formation never takes place within the past light cone of a typical
external observer, the discussion of physical behaviour of black holes,
classical or quantum, is only of academic interest. It is suggested that
problems related to the source could be avoided if the event horizon did not
form and that the universe only contained quasi-blackholes”.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
above quote is from <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00734568">Narlikar & Padmanabhan</a> (1988).</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abhas Mitra is being rather mild on Narlikar, but he is very harsh on
<a href="https://eternalblogs.wordpress.com/2013/12/28/u-turn-of-black-hole-research-of-thanu-padmanabhan-herd-effect-sociology-of-modern-physics/">Padmanabhan</a>.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Here is more on Abhas<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> Mitra, this time from an <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">artic<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">le </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1017171/pg1">Is Cosmology in Crisis?</a> (2014):</span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘You
have an Indian Scientist named Abhas Mitra who challenged Stephen Hawking<span class="textexposedshow"> on Black Holes and was basically looked at as a kook.
Hawking recently came out and essentially agreed with Mitra in part.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘An
Indian theoretical physicist who questioned the existence of black holes and
thereby challenged Stephen Hawking of Britain at last feels vindicated. But he
is sad. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Abhas
Mitra, at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai, was perhaps the
first and the only scientist who had the guts to openly challenge Hawking of
Cambridge University who is regarded by many as the modern-day Einstein. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘For
over 30 years Hawking and his followers were perpetuating the theory that black
holes -- resulting from gravitational collapse of massive stars -- destroy
everything that falls into them preventing even light or information to escape.
</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Mitra,
four years ago, in a controversial paper in the reputed journal, Foundations of
Physics Letters, showed that Hawking's theory was flawed. He proved black holes
couldn't exist because their formation and existence flouted Einstein's general
theory of relativity. Except a handful, the majority of mainstream scientists
dismissed Mitra's conclusions even though, till now, no scientist has
contradicted him in writing. Mitra invited several notable black hole theorists
including Hawking and Jayant Narlikar of India to criticise his work but no one
replied. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Naturally,
Mitra now feels vindicated following Hawking's own admission two weeks ago at a
conference in Dublin, Ireland, that there isn't a black hole "in the
absolute sense." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘In
essence, Hawking's "new" black holes never quite become the kind that
gobble up everything. Instead, they keep emitting radiation for a long time --
exactly what Mitra showed in his paper. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Hawking's
about-turn has vindicated Mitra. But, in retrospect, he feels sad about the
treatment he got at home while trying to take on Hawking all by himself. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Too
"embarrassed" to be associated with a man who challenged Hawking,
even Mitra's close colleagues avoided him and he became an outcast. To add
insult to injury, BARC authorities removed Mitra from the theoretical physics
division on the excuse that this division was meant only for those doing "strategic
research."</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘This
guy has an interesting take on these things. Here's more about him from Wiki:
“Though Mitra stresses that the “Black Hole’’ solutions are correct, his
contention is that Black Hole masses, arising from relevant integration
constants, are actually zero. His peer reviewed paper published in Journal of
Mathematical Physics of the American Institute of Physics supports this
contention by showing that Schwarzschild black holes have M = 0.[27] If so, (i)
The so-called massive Black Hole Candidates (BHCs) must be quasi-black holes
rather than exact black holes and (ii) During preceding gravitational collapse,
entire mass energy and angular momentum of the collapsing objects must be
radiated away before formation of exact mathematical black holes. And since the
formation of a mathematical zero mass black hole requires infinite proper time,
continued gravitational collapse becomes eternal, and the so-called black hole
candidates must be Eternally Collapsing Objects (ECO).[28][29][30][31] Mitra’s peer
reviewed papers describe why continued physical gravitational collapse should
lead to formation of ECOs rather than true black holes, and the mathematical “black
hole’’ states can be achieved only asymptotically. [32][33][34][35][36] An ECO
is essentially a quasi-stable ultra-compact ball of fire (plasma) which is so
hot due to preceding gravitational contraction that its outward radiation
pressure balances its inward pull of gravity. Some American
astrophysicists[37][38][39][40][41] claimed to have verified this prediction
that astrophysical Black Hole Candidates are actually ECOs rather than true
mathematical black holes. The corresponding Harvard University Press Release [42]
acknowledges Mitra's original contribution in this context.’</span><br />
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></span></div>
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
treatment meted out to Mahatma Kalam is another blot in the history of Indian
Science and Technology when it comes to honouring talent. The bankruptcy of
thought that the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, displayed when
it came to valuing his work is well known. Even INSA had <a href="http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/07/28/article664699.ece/Dr-APJ-Abdul-Kalam-Builder-of-teams-who-hit-peer-wall">rejected</a></span></span><span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> his nomination for a Fellowship in the late
1980s, saying that the work quoted (</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">the success of
the SLV-3<span class="uficommentbody">) involved a whole team, implying that his
own contribution was not good enough by INSA’s criteria. Something is wrong,
seriously wrong. There is no place for honouring team leadership in the value
system of our science academies.</span></span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Creative
and original scientists are likely to be nonconformists and irrepressible by
temperament. Our system does not allow them to flourish easily. They have to
count on <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">recognition</span> from abroad for survival. And many of them just leave the
country. Whose loss is that?</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<u><span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">15.3
The kind of work the Indian theoreticians do</span></span></u></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">India
is a poor country. We do have the potential to become a very rich and strong
country, but we all will have to do our bit if the country is to realize that
potential. This applies to everybody, the theoreticians of India included. Take
a look at the kind of research papers they publish, and there will be shocks
galore.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Even
by a very liberal yardstick, not more than <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">10</span>% of the Indian theoreticians come
close to being genuinely original and important in their research work. To this <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">10</span>% I want to
give a blank cheque, in the sense that we should let them pursue whatever
interests them, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nurture them, and make
them feel important and wanted and appreciated (academy Fellowships, awards,
all that).</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What about the other 9<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">0</span>%? It is not as if they
have not been trying to do their best when it comes to originality <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">and importance</span>. The hard fact is that they are just not capable of that. Society
must insist that if they cannot be excellent and original, they may as well be
useful. They MUST spend at least 50% of their time and energy on research
problems with a clear end-application specified by the funding agencies. They
must do ‘targeted basic studies’, as Bob Newnham would put it. Instead of
letting them do mainly what they <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">can</i>
do, they must also be told what they <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">should</i>
be doing. My country needs more Bob Newnhams.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It
is sometimes argued that these theoreticians justify their upkeep by doing a
lot of teaching work also. Yes, they do, but they only end up creating more
clones of themselves. A teacher is always a kind of role model for his
students. Only a Bob Newnham kind of teacher can set the right example of what kind
of research should be pursued. We have to create conditions in which more Bob
Newnhams can flourish in India. The present value system <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is just not up to it</span>.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<u><span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">15.4
Instrumentation for research </span></span></u></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">India
is importing just about all the major equipment needed for doing research in
science, and that’s a shame. The DAE culture <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">has</i> encouraged instrumentation work, but somehow that last-mile
problem remains to be tackled in many cases. A certain kind of corruption is at
work sometimes, as exemplified by the work of a scientist at BARC who spent many
years perfecting the technology for constructing an argon-ion laser. He was in
tears talking to me about the fate of his work, narrating how his boss had
scuttled the whole thing because he wanted to import the laser. Why? Because the
purchase involved travel by the boss to a foreign country for inspection and
training, all expenses paid by the seller!</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A
similar story can be told about how the project for developing an X-ray
generator was abandoned.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nevertheless
the DAE has done remarkably well in achieving self-reliance in the technology
of nuclear power production. The entire cycle from mining to nuclear-waste
disposal has been mastered, a great achievement indeed.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Another
success story is that of our space programme. Big technology-development projects
require team work, and that requires great team leaders. Our Department of
Space (DOS) has had plenty of them: Satish Dhawan, Mahatma Kalam, and, more
recently, Radhakrishnan.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
value system of a society determines what flourishes in it. We have to learn to
value instrumentation and technology-development work if we are to make
progress in that direction. Look at what China has been able to achieve in this regard.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Consider
two scientists of similar calibre. One manages to get to use the best of
imported equipment for his work, publishes his work, gets recognition for his
work from the science academies of India, as also other awards. He has done
well for himself, fast promotions and all that. Has the country benefited<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">?</span>
Yes, if he is a truly original and creative scientist and his work increases
the esteem of the country on the international scene. And no if his work lacks
originality and relevance.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
other scientist has a more evolved sense of duty towards the country. He spends
a lot of time and energy in building a major instrument needed for scientific
research, and then uses it for doing his research. He clearly has a handicap or
two. Unless there is system in place so that a government agency, say a
National Instrumentation Corporation (non-existent at present) helps him in
developing a world-class instrument from what he has done so far, he really
does not have much motivation for working like this as a scientist. Add to this
the constipated value system of our science academies, which <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">usually</span> go by the
number of publications in ‘reputed’ journals for deciding on Fellowships, awards
etc., and you have a perfect recipe for a <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cri<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ppled</span></span> career. This must change. There is so much emphasis these days on skill development, as also on ‘Make in India’.
Let us provide all it takes to do first-rate instrumentation work in India,
taking the work all the way to the refinement and commercialization stage.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Let us also learn
to honour our scientists who do technology-development work. Let us get our
value system right. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">I want to recall here<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> my experiences at CAT Indore where, among o<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ther things, I had to start from scratch and set up a laboratory for growing crystals needed for our laser programme<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">. Apart fro<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">m getting funds sanctioned for a new building and for <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">bu<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ying some basic <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">equi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">pment, etc., </span></span></span></span></span>I had to recruit scien<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tists, us<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ually with a Ph.D. in crystal growth. T<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he recruitment was done by a committee, of which I was naturally a member<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, which interviewed the candidates. This interview pr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ocess was somethi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ng the selected persons had a face every few years when I put up their cases for promotion to the next higher grade. More often than not, the problem I faced as a 'Divi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">sional Representative</span> ' was that, even when the person had p<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">roved hi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s</span> credentials as a good crystal grower, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>his mastery over physics and chemistry etc. happened to be somewhat poor, and I had a tough time arguing with the committee that he should be given the promotion. The prevailing value system, by and large, does not <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">value</span> skill adequately, and it is <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">considered more</span> important that the person has strong 'funda<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">mentals</span>', e<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ven <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">where</span> the fundamentals are not <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">critically</span> relevant </span>for the job at hand.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Coming to the question of publications by crystal growe<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rs, I am reminded of the days when the Journal of Crystal Growth (JCG) </span>was started. At t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hat time one of th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e reas<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ons adva<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">c</span></span>ed </span></span></span>for staring <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a new journal was th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">at</span>, keeping in view the nature of this R&D activity, it is necessary to have a publication platform <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">that</span> has d<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ifferent criteria for accepting </span></span>a manuscript than<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, say, Phy<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">sical R<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e</span>view.</span></span> In fact, it is for such reasons that a large number of theme journals have mushroomed.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Generally speaking, a society gets what it values most. </span></span><br />
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">16.
INCULCATION OF SCIENTIFIC TEMPER IN SOCIETY</span></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Indian
science must be able to attract the best of talent. One requisite for that is
to convey to the young people in an effective manner the joy of doing science.
The government effort so far has been dismal. There is a large programme called
Vigyan Prasar under the Department of Science & Technology (DST). A couple
of years ago they organised a conference in Delhi which dealt with what it
would take to increase the prevalence of scientific temper in the country, and
I was a speaker there. During my interactions with the participants and the
officials I noticed that there is hardly any involvement of scientists with a
proven record of promoting scientific temper with the activities of Vigyan Prasar.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Another
problem with science in India is that there is a dearth of good science writers
and journalists who can make science really interesting to the lay public.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After
the conference some of us were invited to a meeting with the Vice President of
India. He is the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, and also of </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Rajya
Sabha TV (RSTV). He heard us in detail about what more can be done to make the
science-related programmes of the RSTV more effective in spreading the culture
of scientific temper. I made some suggestions and have, since then, incorporated
them in a comprehensive blog post entitled ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Science,
Scientists and Scientific Temper in Society</i>’ (Wadhawan 2014a). This post
also includes much of the material I presented in my conference lecture. Here
are some excerpts:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Scientific temper is all about applying the
scientific method, not only when doing science in the laboratory, but in
everything we do or think about. Scientists can play a major role here by
striving to be the role models of rationality for society.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘But even if all the scientists did this conscientiously, there would
still be a major hurdle in the way of promoting scientific temper in society.
Natural phenomena are governed by the highly counter-intuitive laws of quantum
mechanics, and we cannot expect everybody to master quantum field theory for
appreciating how, for example, our universe arose out of nothing, i.e. without
the intervention of a God or a Creator. Similarly, it is not easy to explain
complexity science to one and all. But such problems can be tackled by proper
parenting and education of children, as I explain next.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Minds of young children are strongly
influenced by what they learn from their parents (and teachers). Parents should
aim at creating conditions in the family in which the child can grow to become
an <i>independent</i> thinker. Every child should get exposure to all streams
of thought before making a choice.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘If a child learns to have full confidence in science and the scientific
method, he will not waste energy and time fighting what science has to say.
Instead, he will take even the counter-intuitive quantum mechanics for granted,
all the time fully assured of the fact that there is nothing dogmatic about the
concepts and theories of science, and that even the most cherished ideas can be
abandoned if the new evidence so demands.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">’</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Children learn not only from parents, but
also from their school teachers. It is imperative that teachers should be role
models of scientific temper. That calls for a very strict process of selection
of teachers. And that, in turn, can happen only if even the selectors of
teachers are selected carefully.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘School teaching is a vitally important activity. Conditions have to be
created so that the finest available brains are attracted to this profession.
Why is it that a university teacher has a higher prestige and salary than a
school teacher? We have to set our priorities right.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Familiarity
with, and caution against, the huge repertoire of logical fallacies can fire
the imagination of children, and can make them instinctively look for any lack
of logic, not only in the reasoning of others, but also their own. A society in
which even children are adept at pointing out logical fallacies in whatever
they hear or read would hardly need any additional measures for spreading the
culture of scientific temper. Needless to say, scientific temper and felicity
with logic must be supplemented with a humanistic outlook, as also a deep
concern and love for Mother Earth.’</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In India a peculiar situation prevails at
present. An enormous amount of superstitious and other irrational sermonizing
is occurring on television. This has a disastrous effect on young
impressionable minds, and there is no legal remedy available for tackling it.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘We as a nation are very fond of saying that truth prevails ultimately (<i>satyamev
jayate</i>). But very often, by the time truth prevails, a lot of irreversible
damage has occurred already. In any case, in real-life situations, <i>truth is
seldom relevant</i>, and what really matters generally is the <i>perception</i>
of truth by the various interacting individuals. It hardly requires any intelligence
to have faith in something, whereas understanding of scientific facts can often
be a daunting task for the public at large. Therefore it is necessary to
curtail superstition propaganda occurring in the name of freedom of speech and
freedom of religion.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">’</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Under the Indian Constitution, promotion of
scientific temper is a <i>duty</i> (a fundamental duty), whereas the freedom to
carry out (and even promote) religious practices is a matter of <i>right</i>
(fundamental right). This is an unequal fight between what is logical and
rational and what is illogical and irrational. We should amend the Constitution
so that <i>irreligion</i> (which is the absence or antithesis of religion),
backed by the scientific method, gets the same status and <i>rights</i> as the
organized religions. If this is done, citizens would have the right to legally
and successfully object to any public propaganda or sermons that make it
difficult for them to promote scientific temper in society. Religious practices
should be largely confined to the privacy of one's home, and should under no
circumstances trample upon the rights of others who want to give their children
the freedom to grow as freethinkers.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">’</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Scientists
must teach and inspire by personal example. Their lives must be role models of
all that is noble, objective, and rational in their profession. A particularly good example of what I mean is the life and work of Stenger (2007/2010). <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Inspired by<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> him, </span></span>I have tried to emulate <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">his way of<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> l<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">iv<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">in<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">g so that I can say (loftily (!), but with a modicum of credibility also) that </span></span></span></span></span>MY LIFE IN MY MESSAGE.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8j2-Ws2UL2E/V0z99vY0aUI/AAAAAAAAERY/iGgAACe8qGkohki8nyEpwNGc1fmTKvMzwCLcB/s1600/RecentVKW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-8j2-Ws2UL2E/V0z99vY0aUI/AAAAAAAAERY/iGgAACe8qGkohki8nyEpwNGc1fmTKvMzwCLcB/s640/RecentVKW.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[Bud<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">dha at peace with the world<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">!</span>]</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span> </span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">REFERENCES</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Aizu, K. (1970). Phys. Rev. B, 2, 754.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bhagwat, K. V.,
R. Subramanian & V. K. Wadhawan (1983). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ferroacoustogyrotropy’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase
Transitions</i>, 4, 19.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bhagwat, K.
V., V. K. Wadhawan & R. Subramanian (1986). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>New<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fourth‑Rank Tensor For<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Describing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Acoustical Activity Of
Crystals<b>’. </b></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J. Phys. C</i>,
19, 345‑357.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dennett, D
(1995). <i>Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life</i>.
Penguin Books, London.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dawkins, R. (2006). <i>The God Delusion</i>,
revised and updated paperback edition. A Black Swan book: 9780552774291.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Glazer, A. M & K. Roleder (2010).
‘Professor Vinod Wadhawan’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase
Transitions</i>, 83, 655.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gupta, V. P. & M. Gupta (Eds.) (1999).
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">An Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture and
History</i>. Ambe Books, Delhi.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Harrison, P. (1999/2013). <i>Elements of
Pantheism: A Spirituality of Nature and the Universe</i>, 3rd edition. First
edition published in 1999 by Element Books, Shaftesbury, Dorset. Third edition
© Paul Harrison 2013.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hawking, S.
and L. Mlodinow (2010). <i>The Grand Design: New Answers to the Ultimate
Questions of Life</i>. Bantam Press, London.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kakkaliya, S.
(2009). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/2009/01/24/do-we-need-yoga/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/2009/01/24/do-we-need-yoga/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Konak, C, V. Kopsky & F. Smutny (1978). <i>J. Phys. C</i>, 11, 2493.</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Krauss, L. M.
(2012). <i>A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather Than Nothing.</i>
Free Press, New York.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kurzweil, R.
(2012). <i>How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed</i>.
Penguin Books, New York.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kamal, A.
(2009). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/2009/11/28/is-hindu-atheism-valid-a-rationalist-critique-of-the-hindu-identitys-usurpation-of-indian-culture/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/2009/11/28/is-hindu-atheism-valid-a-rationalist-critique-of-the-hindu-identitys-usurpation-of-indian-culture/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kamal, K.
(2010). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/vinod-kumar-wadhawan/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/vinod-kumar-wadhawan/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kamath, K. P. S. (2013). <i>The Untold
Story of the Bhagavad Gita: Revealing the True Intent and Spirit of the
Bhagavad Gita in its Historical Context</i>. ISBN 978935126892. Self-published.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kelly, K.
(1994). <i>Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the
Economic World</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perseus Books,
Cambridge. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Laughner, J.
W., V. K. Wadhawan & R. E. Newnham (1981). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Studies of quartz as a secondary ferroic’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ferroelectrics</i>, 36, 439.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Litvin, D. B.
& V. K. Wadhawan (2001). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latent
Symmetry and its Group-Theoretical Determination’. </span><i>Acta Cryst.</i>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A57</span>, 435-441.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Litvin, D. B.,
& V. K. Wadhawan (2002). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latent
Symmetry.’ </span><i>Acta Cryst. A</i>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A58</span>,
75-76.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Litvin, D. B.,
V. K. Wadhawan & D. M. Hatch (2003). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latent symmetry and domain-average-engineered ferroics.’ </span><i>Ferroelectrics</i>
(2003), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">292</span>, 65-70.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Litvin, D. B.
(2010). ‘Ferroic crystals and tensor distinction’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase Transition</i>s, 83, 682.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mitra, A.
(1991). ‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Problems of
ultra-high-energy particle acceleration in Cygnus X-3 - A critical reappraisal’.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Astrophysical Journal</i>, 370, 345.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mitra, A.
(1996). ‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Do fireballs in the interstellar
medium necessarily imply blast wave propagation?’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>, 313, L9.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mitra, A. & N.K. Glendenning (2010). ‘Likely formation of general
relativistic radiation pressure supported stars or “eternally </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">collapsing objects”’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Letters</i>, 404, L50.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mitra, A.
(2014). ‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Why the Rh = ct cosmology
is a vacuum solution in disguise and why all big bang models should be so’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Society</i>, 442, 382. http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/442/1/382</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nayak, N.
(2010). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/2010/08/30/why-alternative-medicine-is-neither-science-based-nor-medicine/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/2010/08/30/why-alternative-medicine-is-neither-science-based-nor-medicine/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nehru, J.
(1946/2004). <i>The Discovery of India</i>. Penguin Books India, Delhi (the
2004 edition).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Newnham, R. E.
(1999). ‘Ceramics into the next millennium’. <i>British Ceramic Transactions</i>,
98, 251.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pond<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, R. C. & D. S. Vlachavas (1983). <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>P</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>roc</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>. R. Soc. London</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> <i>A</i>, </span></span></span></span></span>386, 95.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Pragya Pandit,
S. M. Gupta and V. K. Wadhawan (2006). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Effect
of electric field on the shape-memory effect in PMN-PT(70/30) ceramic’. </span><i>Smart
Materials & Structures</i>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15</span>,
653-658.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Shubnikov, A. V. & V. A. Koptsik (1974). <i>Symmetry in Science and Art</i>. Plenum Press<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, New York.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Somayazulu, M.
S., S. M. D. Rao & V. K. Wadhawan (1989). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Direct<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Observation of Ferroelastic
Reorientation in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Single Crystals of the
Superconductor Y‑Ba‑Cu‑O’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mat.
Res. Bull</i>., 24, 795‑802.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Srinivasan, M.
& A. Meulenberg (February 2015), Guest Editors. Special section on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Low Energy Nuclear Reactions</i>, Current
Science, 108 (4). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://coldfusionnow.org/tag/mahadeva-srinivasan/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://coldfusionnow.org/tag/mahadeva-srinivasan/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://coldfusionnow.org/special-lenr-issue-of-current-science-available-now/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://coldfusionnow.org/special-lenr-issue-of-current-science-available-now/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Stenger, V. J.
(2007/2010). <i>God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows That God Does Not
Exist</i>. Paperback edition published by Prometheus Books in 2010.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tiwari, R.
& V. K. Wadhawan (1991). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Shape‑Memory
Effect in The Y‑Ba‑Cu‑O Ceramic’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase
Transitions</i>, 35, 47‑59.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Veluswami, G.
(2012). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/2012/03/17/a-response-to-dr-b-m-hegde/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/2012/03/17/a-response-to-dr-b-m-hegde<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">/</span> </span></a></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vlachvas, D. S. (1984). <i>Acta Cryst. A</i>, 40, 213.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. & S. K. Sikka (1976).
‘Diacetyltylophorinidine methiodide’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acta
Cryst</i>., B32, 3304.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. (1978). ‘Ferroelastic
effect in orthoboric acid’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mater. Res.
Bull</i>., 13, 1-8.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. (1979). ‘Gyrotropy: An
implicit form of ferroicity’. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acta Cryst.
A</i>, 35, 629.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. & A. M. Glazer (1981). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Evidence
for a tricritical point in the ferroelastic solid‑solution series lead
phosphate‑vanadate’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase
Transitions,</i> 2, 75‑84.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K., M. C. Kernion, T. Kimura & R. E. Newnham (1981). ‘The Shape‑Memory Effect in PLZT Ceramics’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ferroelectrics</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, 37, 575‑578.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (1982). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ferroelasticity and Related
Properties of Crystals’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase
Transitions</i>, 3, 3‑103.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. (1987). 'The generalized Curie principle, the Hermann theorem, and the symmetry of macroscopic tensor properties of composites'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">. <i>Materials Researc<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">h</span> Bul</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>letin</i>, 22, 651.</span></span> </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (1988). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Epitaxy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Disorientations<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ferroelastic Superconductor YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-x</sub></span>‘.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phys. Rev. B</i> (1988), 38, 8936‑8939.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (1997). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">A Tensor Classification of
Twinning In Crystals’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Acta Cryst.</i>
(1997), A53, 546-555.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. (2000), <i>Introduction to
Ferroic Materials</i>, Gordon & Breach, Amsterdam</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K., P. Pandit & S. M. Gupta (2005). ‘Relaxor ferroelectrics as very smart
materials’. <i>Mater. Sci. & Engg. B</i> (2005), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">120</span>, 199-205.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. (2007). <i>Smart
Structures: Blurring the Distinction Between the Living and the Nonliving.</i>
Oxford University Press, Oxford.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. (2009a). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/2009/07/26/a-scientific-view-of-the-god-delusion/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/2009/07/26/a-scientific-view-of-the-god-delusion/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V. K. & A. Kamal (2009b). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/14/biocentrism-demystified-a-response-to-deepak-chopra-and-robert-lanzas-notion-of-a-conscious-universe/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://nirmukta.com/2009/12/14/biocentrism-demystified-a-response-to-deepak-chopra-and-robert-lanzas-notion-of-a-conscious-universe/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V K
(2010). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Complexity Science: Tackling the
Difficult Questions We Ask about Ourselves and about Our Universe</i>. LAP
Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (2011/2014). <i>Latent, Manifest, and Broken Symmetry: A Bottom-up Approach
to Symmetry, with Implications for Complex Networks</i>. Printed by
CreateSpace, Charleston, SC, USA, ISBN 9781463766719</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (2014a). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/05/science-scientists-and-scientific.html"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/05/science-scientists-and-scientific.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (2014b). </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/11/complexity-science-and-my-worldview.html"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/11/complexity-science-and-my-worldview.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V.
K. (2014c).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/04/127-understanding-natural-phenomena.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/04/127-understanding-natural-phenomena.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wood, I. G.,
V. K. Wadhawan & A. M. Glazer (1980). ‘<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Temperature<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dependence<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>spontaneous<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>birefringence<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in ferroelastic lead orthophosphate’. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">J. Phys. C,</i> 13, 5155‑5164.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-61352263477471094682016-05-31T07:38:00.004+05:302017-07-05T17:24:11.912+05:30DOING SCIENCE IN INDIA. A PERSONAL NARRATIVE (Part 2 of 3)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]-->
<br />
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">7. AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (1979-1980)</span></b><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I stayed at a
Guest House in the Oxford University campus till Mike could find me a house on
rent. And he had a tough time doing that. He rang up a number of people, and
many of them agreed initially. But when they were told that I am an Indian,
they declined, giving some excuse or the other (‘Smell of Indian curry’, etc.).
Mike was very angry, and told me that these same people enjoyed going to Indian
restaurants for the curry. Finally, he arranged that the college where he was a
teacher (Jesus College) would give me an apartment from its married-students
quota.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gDUcgp9OKPg/V3NqFce4Q7I/AAAAAAAAES4/pD4U1sRKaGY39rglfvavPxgDhXCSBImvACLcB/s1600/Feynman3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="579" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gDUcgp9OKPg/V3NqFce4Q7I/AAAAAAAAES4/pD4U1sRKaGY39rglfvavPxgDhXCSBImvACLcB/s640/Feynman3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Winter came,
and Mike was very amused when I told him that I was seeing snowfall for the
first time.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There were
some other firsts too for me. One was the quaint British sense of humour. P<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rime Minister</span>
Thatcher was rather tough in dealing with the trade unions. But on one occasion
she relented, and the opposition described it as a climb down. She said
something which I cannot recall,but the
response from an opposition leader went something like this: ‘When one is
climbing down, the view from below is not particularly appetizing’!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Once Mike took
me to some social gathering, where lots of cream and strawberries were being
consumed. He pointed out to a very old person who tended to keep his mouth
open, and had no teeth left. Mike said: ‘Look Vinod, that old chap looks as if
he is already dead’!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My apartment
was on the ground floor, and there lived an American couple on the first floor
(no idea whether they were married or not). The way apartments are built in
many Western countries is not what we normally have in India. Ours are RCC
structures all through, with thick slabs separating the floors. But I noticed
that in Oxford (and also in some other cities abroad I have lived in since
then) the ceiling of one apartment, which is naturally the floor for the
apartment above, is not very thick (it is a wooden structure), and far from being sound-proof. My problem was that when I tried to sleep sometime before
midnight, I was woken up by a certain hammering <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cum</span> battering <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cum</span> screeching <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cum</span>
grazing sound, coming through the ceiling. I thought it strange that somebody
upstairs indulged in some carpentry-like activity, so late in the day. But soon
it dawned on me that it was something else altogether. The couple regularly
made love at this hour, before falling asleep, and the sounds which reached me
were the protestations and the creaking of the bed under them. Very unprecedented situation
indeed! I could get sleep only when they were asleep after the daily chore.
Anyway, they left the place after a few weeks and normalcy was restored in my
routine.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On joining
Mike’s group I made a courtesy call to the Director of the Clarendon Laboratory.
He also had a senior Chinese visitor at the same time, who had brought him a
gift. The gift reflected the Chinese value system regarding science and
technology. It was a large and very transparent disc of the electroceramic
PLZT. I was very impressed by the contrast with India. Indian scientists carry (or used to carry in those days)
gifts like a silk scarf or a necktie, or the Bhagwad Gita, or some piece of
handicraft. Here was a Chinese scientist taking pride in a technological
achievement of his laboratory, and showing it off!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The atmosphere
in Mike’s group at the Clarendon was pervaded with crystallography, and I
soaked in a lot of it. Mike himself is a crystallographer par excelle<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nce. Among many other things crystallographic, he served a term (or perhaps two) </span>as President of the BCA (British Crystallographic Association).</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"></span>Once they had a visitor, Helen Megaw. I told her that I
had read her book <i>Crystal Structures, A Working Approach</i>, and found it
very instructive. She was very pleased, but also said that she was disappointed that
it did not go into a second edition. Unless your book goes into a second
edition, you have probably not done a very good job writing it.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">At the
Clarendon I also came across Prof. H. M. Rosenberg, whose name was familiar
because of his book on low-temperature physics. He used to come to the lab on a
bicycle. We ran into each other often, but the remarkable coincidence was that on
at least 90% of the occasions we saw each other in the men’s room only!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">People in
Mike’s group were nice, except for one obnoxious character. Among other things,
he was peeved by the fact that the Nuffield Foundation was paying me such a
decent amount as Fellowship. He made his perceived British sense of superiority
a bit too obvious. Once, in a heated discussion, I ended up asking him: ‘What
is colonialism if not international banditry’?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dZhpMidZNdg/V0zwpIRiPMI/AAAAAAAAEP8/DgW3Tk5biHIIRpVeRyvqzBb43ANnzzQzACLcB/s1600/Mike1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="455" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dZhpMidZNdg/V0zwpIRiPMI/AAAAAAAAEP8/DgW3Tk5biHIIRpVeRyvqzBb43ANnzzQzACLcB/s640/Mike1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[With Mike's group at the Clarendon (1979). I am in the front row, second from the left] </span></div>
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">During my
tenure at the Clarendon I learnt about the ‘rotating-analyser method’ developed
by Mike and coworkers for making ultra-sensitive measurements of the
birefringence of crystals. We used this technique for investigating the
ferroelastic phase transition in the solid-solution series lead
phosphate-vanadate (Wood, Wadhawan & Glazer 1980; Wadhawan & Glazer
1981).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I met Bob
Newnham for the first time when he came to the Clarendon as a visitor. It
turned out that he was the referee for my paper on the ferroelastic effect in
orthoboric acid (Wadhawan 1978). He told me that, after reading my manuscript,
he had put one of his graduate students on the task of preparing a
polycrystalline ceramic of orthoboric acid, though that effort turned out to be
unsuccessful. I told him that I was looking for a post-doctoral position after
my tenure at the Clarendon ended. He agreed readily, and offered me a
three-year position at Penn State. I accepted, but I had to return to my job at
BARC after only one year at Penn State because my absence from the job could
not be for more than two years in all, and I had already spent a year at
Oxford.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">So, in
mid-1980 I and my family moved to the Pennsylvania State University. But before
that, while still at the Clarendon, I went to Sicily for a Summer School on
Ferroelectrics.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Summer
School at Erice in Sicily gave me a lot of material for my book on ferroic
materials (Wadhawan 2000). I also got to meet many of the prominent names in
the field of ferroelectrics: A. M. Glass, J.-C. Toledano, Jan Fousek, L. E.
Cross, and many <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">others</span>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iNkCnkJ9miU/V0zw1-_cR-I/AAAAAAAAEQA/nLm2IIkKYQ4Xr8QmjGwQCUB-IGRDZWXCwCLcB/s1600/Sicily.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="443" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iNkCnkJ9miU/V0zw1-_cR-I/AAAAAAAAEQA/nLm2IIkKYQ4Xr8QmjGwQCUB-IGRDZWXCwCLcB/s640/Sicily.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[At the Summer
School on Ferroelectrics, Sicily (1980).]</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The lectures
by these people gave me insights into the stuff ferroic behaviour is really
made of.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8. THE PENN STATE
DAYS (1980-1981)</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Life at the
Materials Research Laboratory (MRL) of the Penn State University was an
enriching experience. The Director at that time was Dr. Rustam Roy. I learnt a
thing or two from him about how to give lectures such that the audience feels
totally involved. His approach was to make the whole thing very very
interactive.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The group led
by Leslie Cross and Bob Newnham at the MRL carried out great research work on
ferroelectric ceramics and composites. Cross, Newnham, Barsch (a theoretician), and a couple of
other professors (each with a different specialization), collectively led a
bunch of ~25 juniors: post-docs, Ph.D. students, and graduate students. There
was a weekly seminar, and the best thing about it was that the seniors shared
with us the details of the research programme for the next few years. The goals
set were explained very clearly to the whole group, something I had never
experienced at BARC. In fact, when I returned to BARC in 1981 I remarked that I
am better informed about what the Penn-State team is going to do in the next
few years than what we are supposed to be doing at <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">our Cryta<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">llography Group of BARC</span></span>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In those days
there was considerable debate in India about excellent research <i>versus</i>
relevant research. Bob Newnham showed me how one can do research which is both
excellent <i>and</i> relevant. His group did ‘<i>targeted</i> basic research’.
For example, they promised to the funding agencies that they would develop
miniaturised capacitors and transducers. And their approach for doing this was
to develop new configurations of composites based on proper and improper
ferroelectric materials. And <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">basic
research</i> on ferroelectrics was geared to meet the same objective. They
ended up doing the best and the most innovative research in this area. Of
course, they went all the way, making devices which actually worked. The best
thing was that a part of the research was purely academic, with no immediate
applications in mind. It was thrilling to watch this at close quarters.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I saw another
interesting thing during my Penn-State days, namely a visit by American car
manufactures to the MRL, the purpose being to tell the scientists about some
pressing problems in the auto sector which called for some innovative
solutions. At the other end of the spectrum, there was also a visit by a
hard-core group-theory expert, Dan Litvin. He had come looking for some common
area of interest between him and the work being done in our ferroelectrics and
materials science group. This visit led to a lasting friendship between him and
me. He listened with great interest to my description of what ferroic materials
and ferroic phase transitions are all about. He went back and started a
programme focussed on the symmetry aspects of ferroic phase transitions (Litvin
2010). We have also done some joint work since then (on latent symmetry), but
more on that later.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Like at the
Clarendon laboratory in Oxford, here also there was an obnoxious character in
the group I worked in, but this time a very senior person. He was an American
whose ancestors had migrated rather recently from England. I found his haughty
attitude quite offensive, and had some difficulty keeping my cool. But Bob
Newnham made up for all this, just by being what he was.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bob was an
<a href="http://www.nap.edu/read/12884/chapter/44#243">expert</a> in many areas of condensed-matter physics, the
common thread being his passion for structure-property relations in materials,
and his keenness to exploit the knowledge of structure-property relations for
the benefit of mankind. He once said to me: ‘Vinod, the challenge is to make
those little atoms and molecules work to our advantage’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">An immensely
innovative scientist, he was also a great teacher and a marvellous speaker. I
happened to be present at a couple of lectures he gave at major conferences. Of
course he did use Powerpoint, but had the self-imposed restriction that he
prepared each lecture afresh, and not by just rearranging the already existing
slides in his stock. That brought freshness, topicality, and spontaneity to the
lectures. Plus there was the awe he inspired in the audience by presenting so
many new results and ideas. When a lectures ended, there was the usual
applause, but with one difference. People not only got up and clapped, but went
on clapping for surprisingly long times. On one occasion I timed it casually;
it was more than four minutes. And this happened after just about every public
lecture he gave. To get a feel for the contents of such lectures, see Newnham
(1999).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oc2VWCpLc5I/V0zxEPzvlRI/AAAAAAAAEQI/hW3ddJ3nh9Mh0mbx6y22iD8-ET0vNVYagCLcB/s1600/REN-Kobe1985.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="409" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oc2VWCpLc5I/V0zxEPzvlRI/AAAAAAAAEQI/hW3ddJ3nh9Mh0mbx6y22iD8-ET0vNVYagCLcB/s640/REN-Kobe1985.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[This picture
with Bob Newnham was taken, not at Penn State, but at the 6<sup>th</sup>
International Meeting on Ferroelectricity (1985) at Kobe, Japan.]</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bob Newnham
was full of new ideas, and had a keen innate sense of what technology is going
to bring for us in the future. At a personal level, he also gave me a glimpse
into what the life of a dedicated scientist should be like. At work he felt no
need to compete with others for the top job and become a boss and get all the
appurtenances that come from being one. He just enjoyed being a scientist. He
enjoyed teaching also. He had some interesting hobbies, and I got a glimpse of
them when he invited us home for dinner. There was a permanent and genuine
smile on his face which comes when you are completely at peace with yourself
and are completely happy with life. Here was a role model for me, and not only
from the vantage point of science as a profession.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">During my stay
at Penn State I worked on two research problems: Demonstration of the
ferrobielastic effect in quartz crystals (Laughner, Wadhawan & Newnham
1981); and demonstration of the shape-memory effect in PLZT ceramic (Wadhawan,
Kernion, Kimura & Newnham 1981).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Every three
months (or was it six months?), some senior person from the group went to
Washington to present to the funding agency the progress report. Once he
carried a report which included the work I had done on the ferrobielastic
effect in quartz. I had designed and fabricated a press small enough to sit on
the stage of a polarizing microscope. With it I could use a tiny crystal of
quartz for the experiment, and the requisite uniaxial stress could be generated
just by turning a screw by hand. Earlier somebody had used for this purpose a
huge press normally employed for high-pressure studies. The advantage of my
device was that, since it sat on a polarizing microscope stage, one could
easily obtain microphotographs of the ferrobielastic twinning introduced in the
quartz crystal. The person at the monitoring agency in Washington was very
impressed, and sent a message that he wanted to meet me. The person who brought
the message gave enough hints that the reason for the invitation was to<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>offer me a
permanent or semi-permanent stay in the USA. I was just not interested, and did
not go to meet him.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Near the end
of my year-long stay at Penn State I and Bob Newnham drove to Ottawa to attend
the XII IUCr Congress (1981). I gave an invited talk here. The title was
‘Ferroelastic Phase Transitions’. This was the first invited talk I gave in my
career. The irony and the tragedy was that it was given in an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">international</i> conference, rather than in
a national conference (as is usually the case). And it was a near-disaster. I
had prepared very hard for it. I even bought a tape recorder, and rehearsed and
recorded the talk several times, so that I would know how much I could fit into
the 30 minutes allotted to me. The content of the talk was nice, but what went
wrong was that, in my nervousness, I spoke too fast, so the talk ended well
before the time I had at my disposal. In view of the fact that several parallel
sessions were being held at the conference, the Chairman of my session had to
announce a five-minute break before inviting the next speaker. And the irony is
that the big boss from India, who was responsible for this lack of experience
of mine, was sitting in the audience.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">9. BACK TO
B.A.R.C. (1981-1990)</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I was back at
BARC in mid-1981, full of confidence and new ideas. But nothing much had
changed at BARC, so there was bound to be trouble for me. Anyway, the first
major thing I did on return was to write a major review article entitled
‘Ferroelasticity and related properties of crystals’ (Wadhawan 1982). This
turned out to be a game changer for my career. All those endless hours spent in
the BARC library lapping up papers by the reclusive K. Aizu (originator of the
concepts of ferroelasticity and ferroicity) were duly rewarded. My article was
the first comprehensive review of the subject, and I think it helped in
attracting many physics people to this field. My name became known
internationally among people working in this field.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Once the big
boss returned from a conference abroad, and he was talking to us about it. He
said, ‘Wadhawan, they were talking about your review article’. I was thrilled
to hear that, and responded in some incoherent manner not typical of me. He
said ‘Well, they were not abusing you!’ There was pin-drop silence for a while.
I said nothing, but could not help wondering what had made this man, who had
mastered the art of carrying a frozen smile on his face all the time, feel so
flustered? Frustration, that here was a young upstart who could stand on his
feet without his consent and bolstering?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There was
pressure on me to devote my time to technique-based research, whereas I was
determined, more than ever before, to first choose a research problem and then
apply whatever techniques were needed to make progress. Another major cause of
friction with the big boss was that, influenced by Bob Newnham’s ideas about
doing ‘targeted basic research’, I questioned the wisdom of doing, say, only
neutron-scattering based research simply because the large number of
instruments set up in the reactor hall had to be kept busy. I was snubbed and insulted in meetings if I dared raise the issue of relevance of a piece of resear<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ch </span>carried out by anybody in BARC. I think th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is value system was <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">not confined t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">o BARC al<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">one, and was a national problem<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, at leas<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t in those days. No wonder our system<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> has <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">not been producing Bob Newnhams in la<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">r<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ge enough numbers.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">--------------------</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><u><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">A</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">coustical ferrogyrotropy<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, or </span></span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><u><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">f</span>erroacoust<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ogyrotropy<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Anyway, I
tried to do research on problems which interested me, but by factoring-in the
constraint that no worthwhile equipment would be available to me. For example,
I introduced the notion of ferroacoustogyrotropy (Wadhawan 1982),
by analogy with optical ferrogyrotropy mentioned earlier in this narrative. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Acousti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ca<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">l activ<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ity arises from the spatial dispe<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rsion of the elastic-stiffness tensor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, and is described by a fifth-rank tensor. I collaborated </span></span></span></span></span></span>with my friend Keshav Bhagwat, a brilliant mathematician<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">,</span> for an analysis of this tensor <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">property. It has a certain intrinsi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">c symmetry, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">which we used for introducing </span></span></span>a low<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">er-rank (</span>fourth-rank) tensor whic<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">h <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is completely equivalent to the fifth-ra<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">k tensor </span></span></span></span>for describing the
acoustical activity of crystals. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">A similar tensor of rank 4 had been </span>introduce<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d earlier in the literature, and our detailed analysis showed that t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">here were serious errors in the formulation and analysis of th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">at</span> ten<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">sor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span></span></span></span>(Bhagwat, Subramanian and Wadhawan 1983;
Bhagwat, Wadhawan and Subramanian 1986).</span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The concept of pure-mode axes exists in crystal physics in the context of propagation of acoustic waves in crystals. For a direction <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">to be a pure<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">-mode axis, the longitudi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nal-polarization co<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">m</span>ponent of the acoustic wave </span></span></span>must be independent of the transvese<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">-</span>polarization co<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">mpo<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nent, and vice versa. An acoustic axis </span></span></span>is a dege<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nerate pure-mode axis.</span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">In our work <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">we introduced the term 'pure acous<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tical acti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">vity</span></span>'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> for describing t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he acoustical activity of a crystal along an<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> acoustic axis. T<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">concept</span> of 'pure <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ferroacou<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">stogyrotropic state shifts</span></span>' </span></span></span></span></span></span>was also intro<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">duce<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d and analysed<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">,<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> and <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a total of</span> 29 ferroic species were identified in whic<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">h such state shifts</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> can possibly <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">occur.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">We also showed that, like optical ferrogyrotropy, acoustical ferrogyrotrpy also is only an implicit form of ferroicity, m<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">eaning that state shifts involving change of acoustical activity can only be effected via a concomitant explicit ferroic property. For example, such state sh<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ifts in quartz can only be effec<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ted through ferrobielastic or ferroel<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">astoelectric state shifts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-------------------- </span></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Mike Glazer
was the founding editor of the journal <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Phase
Transitions</i>, begun in 1978. In 1985 he invited me to be the Regional Editor
for India for this journal. I was happy to accept the invitation. Thus started
an association with this journal which lasted for the next 25 years. In 2006 I
took voluntary retirement from the task of Associate Editor of the journal, so
as to concentrate entirely on book-writing work. I was asked to continue for
some more time so as to ensure a smooth transition. They brought out a special
issue of the journal in my honour (see Glazer & Rolder 2010). </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_24PAV1aAYQ/V0zxYkW7jSI/AAAAAAAAEQQ/QvDQrypRmg0VntMGdfHom3_bJYBUAH-EwCLcB/s1600/PTsSpecial%2BIssue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_24PAV1aAYQ/V0zxYkW7jSI/AAAAAAAAEQQ/QvDQrypRmg0VntMGdfHom3_bJYBUAH-EwCLcB/s640/PTsSpecial%2BIssue.jpg" width="446" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In Indian
science, Editorship of journals is supposed to be done by big bosses, who have
due secretarial support for this kind of work. I was too young, and nowhere
near being a big boss, so my task was harder. Anyway, this was one more
challenge I accepted, and if the remarks by the then Editor-in-Chief are any
indication (see Glazer & Rolder 2010), I did a good job of it.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Lack of
adequate secretarial support was not the only difficulty I faced. There were
other problems too. For one, this journal is a purely commercial venture, with
no support from some academy or society (unlike, say, Physical Review which is
run by the American Physical Society). Another difficulty was regarding the availability
of sufficiently motivated referees. If some big boss is the Editor, referees
would oblige easily, for obvious reasons. Not so in my case. I solved this
problem by myself becoming one of the referees for most of the papers. This
entailed doing an adequate amount of reading in the field of the paper I was
processing. Liquid crystals was a good example of that, as I received many
manuscripts from this field. As time passed, I acquired a good working
knowledge of what phase transitions in liquid crystals are all about, even
though I had never intended to do research on phase transitions in liquid
crystals. The same became true about many other fields. As a result, 25 years
of editorship work has given me a lot of breadth (though not a matching amount of
depth also) in various aspects of phase transitions and physics. Moreover, this
personal touch from the Editor is possible only in theme journals like mine,
and I noticed its absence, for example, when I submitted papers to, say,
Physical Review. I have published three papers in that journal, and was not at
all impressed by the choice of referees or the quality of refereeing. It is
clear that its editors choose from a large data base of referees, and then
depend excessively on what the referees pronounce about a manuscript. The whole
process is a bit too mechanical. In the case of my journal I often overruled
the referees, simply because of my better familiarity with phase transitions.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Most of the
papers submitted to me were from India (till I was upgraded to the Associate
Editor position), so I got a good ringside view of the strengths and the
weaknesses of some aspects of Indian science. I was rather ruthless in
rejecting bad papers, but often I felt that the basic work is not bad, but has
been presented badly. Use of bad English by the authors was of course a
constant headache for me, and in quite a few cases I ended up rewriting
substantial portions of a paper. I also felt that the blame in such cases lay
with the senior author.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1987 I went
to Perth to give an invited talk at the XIV IUCr Congress.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1987 I also
started working on the high-T<sub>c</sub> superconductor Y-Ba-Cu-O. I and my
colleagues demonstrated that it is a ferroelastic (Wadhawan 1988; Somayazulu,
Rao & Wadhawan 1989), and exhibits the shape-memory effect (Tiwari &
Wadhawan 1991).</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">--------------------</span></div>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><u>Latent symmetry</u> </span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One book that I found absolutely fascinating was Shubnikov & K<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">optsik's (1974) </span>'Symmetry in Science and Art'. I read portions of it several times. Obsession again? Yes, and it paid off again. I ended u<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">p discovering something <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">significant, and I </span>called it</span> 'latent symmetry'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> (Wadhawan 1987).</span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is this well known Curie pr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">inciple of symmetry. It says that when several phenomena of different origin are superimposed in one and the same system, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the symmetry ele<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ments which survive in the composite system are only those </span></span></span>which are common to each <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">phen<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">omenon taken s<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">eparately</span>. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Naturally, the s<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">y<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">mmetry of the c<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ompos<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ite system <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cannot b<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e higher tha<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n the symmetry of each phenomeno<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n taken <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">separately (but see below). So there is a lowering<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">symmetry</span>, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">and Shubnikov & Koptsik (SK) </span>called it a process of 'dissymmetrization'.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Can the composite symme<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">try ever be higher than th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is lowest common symmetry<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">?</span> The answer is yes</span>, and the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> term 'symmetrization' </span>was used by SK for describing such a situation. I<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">f the con<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ditions are <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">just right, such a possibility can occur in those cases wherein the phenomena or objects superi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">m</span>posed <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">have equal or equivalent s<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ymmetry.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">SK <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">just left t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he matter th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ere and moved on. But I was stuck. I kept wondering where this ex<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tra symmetry came from<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, after we had taken due note of the individual symm<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">etry of each component and of the symmetry <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">introduced by us for making t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he composite system is a given special way. It turned out that</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>, in cer<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tain cases, t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he final symmetry was mor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e than what could be accounted for like this, and I called it latent symmetry</span></span></span>. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">A simple example<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> (my favourite)</span></span> is that of two eq<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ual right-angled is<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">o</span>sceles </span>triangles which when juxtaposed (in two dimensions) so that they share th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">eir long side end up becoming a square. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">T<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">his composite object (square) </span></span></span>has, for example, a 4-fold axis of symmetry which cannot be accounted for by all the book-keeping you can do, so <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">I said</span> say that it <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">was lying as a latent sy<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">mmetry in the two triangles and became manifest when the tw<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">o triangles were juxtaposed in a certain special way.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Soon after my paper on <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">latent symmetry was accepted for publication (Wadhawan 1987), I got<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> a note from Bob Newnham, thanking me for introducing him to the idea of symmetrization. This meant that Bob was the <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">anonymous </span></span></span> referee <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">for m<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">y paper. I was impressed. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">He</span></span></span> was under no obligation to make it known to me that t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ill he read my manuscript he di<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d not <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">know about the possible <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">existence of symmetrization (and had <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">thought that the Curie princip<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">le entailed dissymmetrization always</span></span>). But he did. This is the kind of intellectual honesty and intellectual humility every person in th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is</span> nobl<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">est of p<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rofessions <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">called</span> science </span></span></span></span></span></span>must have.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Bicrystals</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">One reason why I was fascinated by th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e discussion of symmetrization <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">in</span> SK's book was my interest those days in bicrystals. Any two crystals shar<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ing an interface constitute a bicrystal. For a group-theo<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">retical analysis of the symmetry of bicry<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">stals it is convenient to ta<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">k</span>e the interface as planar</span></span></span>, and a b<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i</span>crys<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tal is formally defined as two semi-infinite crystals sharing a planar interface. Pond & Vlachavas (1983) </span>wrote a great and exhaustive paper entitled 'Bicrystallography'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, and I read it again and again. Later on, when I was to formulate a comprehensive classification <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">of twinning in crystals, I took due note of the ideas from bicrystallography, something not done in <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">any of the</span> earlier classification approache<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Soon after the paper by P<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ond <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">& Vlachavas, there was a paper by Vlachavas (1984) </span></span>in which two theorems about bicrystallograph<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">y were proved. One said that<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, given a two-component composite {A, gA}</span></span>, where the component A is of point-group symmetry F<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, t</span>he order of the point-group symmetry of t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he composite is 2/k times the order of the group F, </span>where k is a positi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ve integer. The <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">second theorem (a corollary of t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he first theorem</span>) </span></span>said that the lowest order of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the composite point-gr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">oup symmetry is 2 times the order of the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> group F. </span></span></span>To me this felt wrong. A<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n obvious counter-example <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">I thought of was</span> that of the square (mentioned above) constituted by ju<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">xtaposing two equal right-angled <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">isosceles triangles. For it, F <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">= {1. msubx}<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, a group of order </span></span></span></span></span>2. The composite (i.e. the square) constructed from it <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">b</span>y the isometries {1, msuby} has the symmetry G = 4subz msubx msubxy<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, a group of order 8. But the theorem by Vlachavas <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">wrongly predic<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ts this order to be either (2/1)x2 = 4, or (2/2)x2 = 2. And th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is error occurred because Vlachavas was not aware of so<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">m</span>ething called latent symmetry.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Another examp<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">le of the </span></span></span></span>of the non<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">-validity of the theorem was given later in Litvin, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Wadhawan & Hatch (2003).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><u>Enunciation of the symmetry<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> composition pr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">inciple</span></span> </u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The recognition by me that latent symmetry exists has enabled me to enunciate a <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">comprehensive</span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">'symmetry compos<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ition principle</span>' (Wadhawan 2011)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">. I have stated this princ<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">iple as follows: </span></span> The existence of s<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ymmetry generall<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">y implies the coexistence of two or more equal or equivalen<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t components or building b<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">loc<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ks, and the overall symmetry group is then EITHER the product of the symmetry group of the building block and the place<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ment-symmetry group which descri<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">bes the mutual placement of the building blocks; OR it is a<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">larger group because of the presence of latent symmetry. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-------------------- </span></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The series of
symposia called International Symposium on Ferroic Domains (ISFD) was started
in 1989, and I was one of the founding members of its International Advisory
Board. The first symposium in this series, ISFD-1 was held at Volgograd in
1989, and I was invited to give a talk in it, apart from chairing a session.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On my way back
from Volgograd, I halted for a month as a Visiting Scientist at the Institute
of Physics, Prague. Here I worked with Vaclav Janovec. I got a chance to have a
close look at the work done by him on the symmetry aspects of ferroic domains
and domain walls, and covered it in substantial detail in by book on ferroic
materials (Wadhawan 2000). <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">A</span>nother dear friend I m<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">et</span> at
Prague was Vojtek Kopsky, mentioned above in the context of optical<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>gyrotropy. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Fed up with
the lack of funds and other support needed for doing anything substantial, I
took one of those snap decisions I am well-known for. I decided to leave BARC,
and ask for transfer to another unit of the DAE, namely CAT (Centre for
Advanced Technology), Indore. This entailed great personal sacrifice,
particularly regarding the education prospects of my daughter and son.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The big boss’s
reaction was remarkable. He kept saying that if I want to go, he is not going
to stop me. And he also made, on the side, what he thought was a truly magnanimous offer. He
said he would put me in charge of an X-ray diffractometer (which I was to <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">run after it was purchased and set up</span>), and that I would be in ‘control’ of that facility! Very revealing
indeed. His way of punishing me for having a mind of my own had been to make
sure that I remained an unimportant person, not in ‘control’ of anything
substantial.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After a few
days a senior person close to the big boss came to my room and offered to make
me head of a certain Section under his Division, after the present incumbent
retired. Anyway, since the big boss had kept saying that he is not stopping me
if I want to go, I latched on to that statement at its face value, and thanked
him profusely for that, and started packing. I was so happy that I could
escape.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">10. AT THE
CENTRE FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (CAT), INDORE (1991 - 2004)</span></span></b></div>
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span></b><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">CAT has two
major research programmes: development of accelerator technology and
development of laser technology. My initial mandate was to set up a crystal-growth
laboratory for work on crystals of interest to the laser programme. In view of
my interest in ferroic materials the Director also let me initiate research on polycrystalline
ferroelectric ceramics. In due course this part of CAT under my charge was
named the Laser Materials Division (LMD). Another important activity I added
later was setting up of a major facility for fabricating high-optical-quality
polycrystalline domes of ZnS by CVD (chemical vapour deposition), for use in
target-seeking missiles.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ours was a new
research centre, and mine was an even newer laboratory in it, which meant that
one had to start from scratch for anything one wanted to do. No laboratory
building, no equipment, nothing, to start with. At some stage funds were
sanctioned for the LMD to have a building of its own. I can say that I had to
build everything, brick by brick.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1991 I
received an invitation from Prof. Claude Boulesteix to spend a couple of months
as a Visiting Professor at his laboratory at Aix-Marseille, France. This was a
very interesting visit for me. French science and technology is, of course,
very impressive. The French are also very good at not being nosey about what
people around them are doing, so long as no nuisance is created. Their
appreciation and love for the female form is legendary. I still remember a
hoarding I saw there, which showed nothing more than a bare female leg, the
bottom two-thirds of it, in an extended horizontal posture. I have seldom seen
anything so sensuous as that.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><complete id="goog_2011896274"><br /></complete></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Around 1992 I
started work on my massive book on ferroic materials (740 pages), and took
almost seven years for completing it (Wadhawan 2000). Much of this work was
done in the evenings and on weekends. It was, and still is, the only
comprehensive book on the subject. It was one of the most fulfilling activities
I ever undertook. Just imagine. Seeing so many gaps in the new subject,
particularly regarding formal definitions and classifications, and providing
these definitions and classifications. Giving credit where it was due. Covering
everything from basics to theory to applications. It was fun, so I never felt
that I was working hard.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WqbUMaWqxKE/V4EK8usWL2I/AAAAAAAAETo/IZ7i_EzUCcUMtiu8uonu-Jvynw35ioCUACLcB/s1600/FMbook.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WqbUMaWqxKE/V4EK8usWL2I/AAAAAAAAETo/IZ7i_EzUCcUMtiu8uonu-Jvynw35ioCUACLcB/s400/FMbook.png" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The extensive
library work I did on ferroic materials made me aware of another exciting field
of research, namely <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">smart structures</i>,
one reason for this being that ferroic materials find extensive applications in
smart structures. After ferroic materials, smart structures became my next <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">obsession</i>. I ended up writing a book on
them, with the title: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Smart Structures:
Blurring the Distinction between the Living and the Nonliving</i>’ (Wadhawan
2007). In this book I introduced, among other things, the properties of
‘superelectrostriction’ and ‘superpiezoelectricity’, by analogy with
superelasticity in physical metallurgy. </span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">For both
ferroic materials and smart structures, I was ahead of my times in Indian
science.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the book on
ferroic materials I had not covered what became later a very important field of
investigation, namely multiferroics. I made up for that by discussing them
extensively in the book on smart structures, particularly because of their
great potential for use in smart structures. One of the multiferroics we
investigated at CAT was the relaxor ferroelectric PMN-PT(70/30) (Wadhawan,
Pandit & Gupta 2005; Pandit, Gupta & Wadhawan 2006).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1996 I visited
Vienna to attend ISFD-4. I was an invited speaker there, as also a session
chairman.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "" sans-serif "" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">--------------------</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">My NSBT classification </span></u></span></i></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(or
tensor classification)</span></u></span></i></span></span> for twinning in crystals </span></u><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">As a
crystallographer I was naturally exposed to the occurrence of twinning in
crystals. I also learnt that there were two majors works of classification of
twinning, one by Friedel and the other by Donnay & Donnay (see Wadhawan
(2000) for references). I felt that these classifications were not
comprehensive and informative enough, and kept thinking about formulating a
better classification scheme. Finally I came up with the NSBT (or tensor)
classification scheme, which is all-inclusive and informative (Wadhawan
1997; also see Wadhawan 2000). The information part is contained in the unique
symbol I introduced for labeling the twinning in any crystal.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">I argued
that twinning is determined by the crystal structure, and the crystal structure
is properly described by the space group of the crystal, so a good
classification of twinning must work at the space-group level.</span> Actually, one has to work with </span></i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">two</span><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> space groups, one the actu<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">al space group of the component cryst<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">als of a twin, the other a real or hypothetical prototype space group. The later has at least one additional symmet<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ry operator, wh<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ich maps one component of a twin to another. Without going into too many details here, I come of the en<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d result of such co<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nsiderations:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span><br />
<br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">All twins must be one of two typ<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">es: T-twins (T for translational) and rotational twins. Components of a T-twin do not differ in any </span></span>tens<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">or-property coefficient<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, and in rotatio<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nal twins at least o<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ne te<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nsor property </span></span></span></span></span>coefficient is different across the interface.</span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Rotational twins can be of two types: B-twins and Aizu t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">wins. For B-twins a prototype str<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">u</span>cture cannot be defined. </span>For Aizu twins such a prototype is always <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">definable</span>.</span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Finally, Aiz<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">u twins can be either N-twins or S-twins. Components of an<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> N-twin have zero '<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">relative spontaneous strain</span>'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, and it is nonzero for S-twins.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Thus all twins can be divided into four fundamentally different classes: S-twins, N-twins, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">B-twins, and T-twins. Hence the name 'SNBT classification of twinning'.</span> </span></span></span>It covers everything: trans<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">forma<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tion twins, growth twins, mecha<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nical twins<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, bicr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ystals</span></span>.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">The<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> symbol I intro<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">duced for twinning cons<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ists of one of the four letter S, N, B or T, followed by one or more lower-case letter<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s in brackets</span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span>which represent the tensor properties in which the twin<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> compone<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nts</span></span> differ.</span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Take the cas<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">D</span>auphine twins in alpha quartz. The crystal </span>is ferrobielastic a<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s well as ferroelast<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">oelectric, meaning that the twin components di<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ffer <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">in at least <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">coefficient of the compliance te<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nso<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">r and the piezoelectric tensor.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Accordingly the symbol I assign to this twinning is N(d,s)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">; </span>here d denotes the fact t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hat the two components of the twin differ<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> in at least one piezoelectric coefficient, and s is the correspon<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d</span>ing </span></span>represe<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ntat<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ion of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the difference in the compliance-tensor coeffici<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ent(s).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">In contr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ast to this, the Brazil twins <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">of quartz are growth twins, with<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> a m<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">irror operation parallel to the optic axis as th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e twinning operati<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">on. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Unlike the case of Dauphine twins, t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">his t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ype of twinning does not disappear on transition to the beta phase on heating. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">My symbo<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">l for this twinning is </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span>B(g), with g denoting t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he fact that the twin components differ in the opti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cal gyration tensor (optical activity).</span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></span></span></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Unlike my <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">description, t</span>he classification scheme of Donnay & Donnay is not able to make a distinction betwee<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n Daup<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hine twins and Brazil twins o<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">f quartz. Both <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">come under <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the same category, namely '<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">twinning by </span>TLS' (TLS = twin lattice symetry).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></i>
<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Similarly the twin individ<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">uals in ammonium chloride crystals </span>differ in t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he sign of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a piezoelectr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ic coeffcient. But neither the description 'twinning by merohedry' (Friedel), nor </span></span></span>'twinning b<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">y TLS</span>' (Donnay & Donnay) conveys any information about this fact. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">In the SNBT classification the</span> s<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ymbol in this case is N(d).</span></span></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span></span></i></div>
</span><div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-------------------- </span></span></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Volume D of
the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">International Tables for
Crystallography</i> (2003) deals with the physical properties of crystals. I
counted 23 citations to my work in this volume (referring to my work on
twinning, ferroic domains, ferroelastic properties, etc.). No other Indian
crystallographer has his work cited such a large number of times in these
Tables. I am mentioning this (as well as <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ma<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ny</span></span> other trivia in this narrative)
because later on I shall comment on what it takes to be a Fellow of the Indian
science academies.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BctdA4XbD0g/V4ELUnza1cI/AAAAAAAAETs/QJ8FgU0qXgs7tfgdsPylv4ZgM6I63GwpACLcB/s1600/Intabs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-BctdA4XbD0g/V4ELUnza1cI/AAAAAAAAETs/QJ8FgU0qXgs7tfgdsPylv4ZgM6I63GwpACLcB/s640/Intabs.jpg" width="436" /></a></span></div>
</div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1999 I
organized and chaired a ‘Microsymposium on Ferroic Structures’ at the XVIII
Congress of the IUCr at Glasgow.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In my book on
ferroic materials (Wadhawan 2000) I had introduced the new notion of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">latent symmetry</i>. When I told my friend
Dan Litvin about it, he not only recognized it as something new and important,
but also gave it a formal group-theoretical footing (Litvin & Wadhawan
2001, 2002).</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 2001 I
received an invitation from Guillermo Castellanos-Guzman to spend some time in
his laboratory at Guadalajara, and give lectures in his laboratory and also at
Mexico City. Guadalajara is at the other end of the Earth from Indore, so I
wangled an invitation from Prof. Dorian Hatch of the Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah, to spend a week in his Department, on my way to Mexico. Dan Litvin
thought this would be a good opportunity to do some more brain-storming on
latent symmetry, so he flew down from Pennsylvania to Utah, and the three of us
made some more progress in understanding latent symmetry (Litvin, Wadhawan
& Hatch 2003).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o2zNrCghBsM/V4ELwNHWfoI/AAAAAAAAETw/uQcIz4aESFQnCTKWFd__ckskjEQg0YakgCLcB/s1600/Litvin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-o2zNrCghBsM/V4ELwNHWfoI/AAAAAAAAETw/uQcIz4aESFQnCTKWFd__ckskjEQg0YakgCLcB/s400/Litvin.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
[With Dan Litvin.]</div>
</div>
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 2002 I
attended ISFD7 at Toulon, France, and gave an invited talk, apart from chairing
a session.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2004 was my
final year of service before retirement on superannuation. So I decided to
catch up on all the pending visits to foreign laboratories, particularly
because of my plans to do book-writing work after retirement. In March 2004 I
visited the Condensed Matter Section of the Abdus Salam International Centre
for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, as a Senior Guest Scientist. I gave
two lectures there: ‘Smart Structures’ and ‘Symmetries and Broken Symmetries in
Condensed Matter Physics’.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The ICTP has
an excellent library, and I used it every day, gathering material for my book
on smart structures. I found that the library stocked a copy of my book on ferroic
materials (Wadhawan 2000). One day I happened to mention this to the staff there.
Soon I got a call from the head of the library. She told me that they had the
tradition that whenever the author of a book in the library was a visitor,
he/she was invited to autograph the book and write a few words. I was happy to
oblige. Look at the thought behind this simple practice. How many libraries
worth their salt do something similar?</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">From Trieste I
went to Montreal. The occasion was the March 2004 Meeting of the American
Physical Society (APS). It was a mind-blowing experience. Some 5000
participants. More than 25 parallel sessions on practically all the five days,
apart from a few poster sessions. No convener. No inaugural function. No
conference bags. No free lunches! No operator in any of the lecture halls for
helping with the projectors etc. And clockwork precision in the timing and
running of the various parallel sessions, so that the participants could easily
go from one session to another.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In one of the
sessions the Chairman came <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">four</span> minutes late. Without waiting for him, the
audience exhorted the first speaker to start on time, and he did. When the
Chairman came in, running, the speaker introduced him, saying: ‘Here in the
Session Chair’. The Session Chair quietly settled down, and set the clock for
timing the already speaking speaker.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My 36-minute
invited talk at this APS Meeting was in the focus session on multiferroics. Its
title was ‘An Overview of Multiferroic Materials and Modelling’. It was the
only invited talk of the session; in fact it was the opening talk.</span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">At the ICTP my
host was Prof. V. Kravtsov. He attended my lectures on broken symmetries and on
smart structures. In the discussion that followed I mentioned to him that I
have been working on a book on smart structures, and that it would be a great
help if I could come back to the ICTP specifically for the purpose of doing
library work for this book. He agreed immediately, so I was able to spend
another two months at the ICTP during 2004.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 2004 I also
spent a week at the laboratory of Prof. K. Kitamura, the great crystal-growth
expert. This visit to Tsukuba was timed to overlap with the dates of ISFD8, so
I could attend that conference also.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After
retirement I was given the prestigious Raja Ramanna Fellowship (2005-2010) by
the DAE, thanks to Dr. Sahni (the then Director of CAT), Dr. Banerjee, and Dr.
Kakodkar.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">11. TEACHING
ACTIVITIES</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I have been
involved in teaching work all through my career. I joined BARC in 1968, and
from 1969 onwards I have been teaching off and on, first at the BARC Training
School, and then at the CAT Training School. Even now, in these
post-‘retirement’ years, I have only enlarged my audience by writing
extensively on my blog (‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Vinod
Wadhawan Blog: Celebrating the Spirit of Science and the Scientific Method</i>’).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/</span></a></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">At BARC the
lectures I gave were on crystallography, crystal physics, phase transitions,
and materials science. At CAT I also covered smart structures. At some stage,
as I rose up in seniority, the entire training programme at CAT was put under
my charge. I made it a point to establish direct contact with the trainees, and
always remembered the dictum that ‘the secret of education lies in having
respect for the pupil’. The love and affection I got in return was gratifying.
This experience also told me what I was going to do after ‘retirement’:
Mentoring and science popularization at a global level (made possible by the
Internet).</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yFfuEFW_60I/V4EMCIBrHpI/AAAAAAAAET4/tN0iEvATR2Ykpe2JFRIVsom8bqB1rFRjgCLcB/s1600/CATtraingSchool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="435" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yFfuEFW_60I/V4EMCIBrHpI/AAAAAAAAET4/tN0iEvATR2Ykpe2JFRIVsom8bqB1rFRjgCLcB/s640/CATtraingSchool.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[Continued in
Part 3. The references cited are listed at the end of Part 3.]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-14539583495016253632016-05-30T20:25:00.001+05:302018-08-16T22:17:39.933+05:30DOING SCIENCE IN INDIA. A PERSONAL NARRATIVE (Part 1 of 3)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Thank you,
Internet, for enabling me to survive and prosper as a scientist in India, and
for enabling me to accomplish the task of science popularization
and promotion of scientific temper in
society.</span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As the cynic
said, ‘science is what scientists do’. Since our science is entirely what <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">certain</span> humans have been doing, there is <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">clearly</span> a human angle to it. But the
great thing about this noblest of all professions is that scientists have
agreed to study natural phenomena by strictly following the rigours and the
discipline of what I have called elsewhere <i>the 8-fold way of the scientific
method</i> (Wadhawan 2014a).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I am 100% a
product of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India (GOI). I
am very grateful for what the DAE has given me. I want to make special mention
here of Dr. Srikumar Banerjee and Dr. Anil Kakodkar, who were particularly
helpful in the advancement of my scientific career. Dr. Banerjee’s role, in
particular, has been so steady and substantial that he finds a mention in the
acknowledgement section of practically all my books (Wadhawan 2000, 2007, 2010,
2011/2014).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Who has been
my mentor? Undoubtedly Mike Glazer (Prof. A. M. Glazer, University of Oxford,
UK). Irrespective of the good things done for me at the early stages of my
career by some bosses, the most steady well-wisher and mentor I can name is
Mike Glazer. Thank you Mike, for being what you are.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">If I have to
name my role model as a scientist, it <i>has</i> to be the late Bob Newnham
(Prof. R. E. Newnham of the Pennsylvania State University, USA), but more on
that later.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Who is the
greatest Indian of recent times? I must name two: Dr. Abdul Kalam and PM
Narendra Modi.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr. Avul Pakir
Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, a great nationalist, died recently. My idea of a
nationalist Indian has nothing to do with that person's religious beliefs (or
their absence). I cannot say 'RIP' for him because I believe that nothing is
left of a person after death, except the consequences of his/her thoughts and
actions. Dr. Kalam left behind a lot we Indians can be truly proud of.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The name
‘Mahatma Gandhi’ is familiar all over the world, even among those who do not
understand what the word ‘Mahatma’ means. When Kalam died, this is what I wrote
on my Facebook page (on 30<sup>th</sup> July 2015): ‘Abdul Kalam, the real
‘Mahatma’ . . . . ’. I hope the epithet ‘Mahatma Kalam’ catches on.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The other
great Indian of recent times is our PM, Narendra Modi, the bad-mouthing by some
of the most important idiots of India notwithstanding. I shall remain eternally
grateful to the venerable Mr. Mani Shankar Iyer for his famous <i>chaiwala</i>
(tea-seller) remark about Modiji. In fact, one should be grateful to some other
worthies also for similar reaso<i>ns.</i></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the Indian
conditions one has to make a distinction between a <i>senior</i> scientist, an <i>important</i>
scientist, an <i>eminent</i> scientist, a <i>great</i> scientist, and a <i>successful</i>
scientist; of course, sometimes the same person can be two or more of these. It
is always a good idea to choose one’s words carefully and precisely.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">THE CONTENTS
LIST</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1. The
Evolution of My Language Skills</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. The Punjabis</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3. My School
Days</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4. The
University Days</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5. Life at the
BARC Training School (1967-1968)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">6. My
Scientific Career at BARC (1968 onwards)</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-------------------- </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">7. At the
University of Oxford (1979-1980)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8. The Penn State
Days (1980-1981)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">9. Back to
BARC (1981-1990)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">10. At the
Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore (1991-2004)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">11. Teaching
Activities</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">-------------------- </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">12. At BARC
again, as Raja Ramanna Fellow (2005-2010)</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">13. The
Post-‘Retirement’ Years</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">14. The
Importance of Scepticism among Scientists</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">15. What’s
Wrong with Indian Science?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">16.
Inculcation of Scientific Temper in Society </span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ss_i26AXDfc/V0xSn845qtI/AAAAAAAAEPA/X4T0-WfCbKEMFeyzFivZpm4im35lSUFxgCLcB/s1600/Feynman1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ss_i26AXDfc/V0xSn845qtI/AAAAAAAAEPA/X4T0-WfCbKEMFeyzFivZpm4im35lSUFxgCLcB/s400/Feynman1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1. THE
EVOLUTION OF MY LANGUAGE SKILLS</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A scientist
conducts research for understanding natural phenomena, and then he publishes
the findings. The drafting of the research paper calls for a high level of
discipline and mastery in the use of the language, mostly English. Moreover,
one should not only be able to write well, but also speak the language well for
explaining the significance of the work at conferences etc. I started my
academic life with a serious handicap on these matters.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">T</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">he ethos at my
home was 100% Punjabi. We spoke in Punjabi. There is something about speaking a
language which gets into your system. The twist of phrase, the idioms and
phrases, the choice of words, all have a cultural history which affects your
thinking and self-image. Even today I am happiest speaking in Punjabi.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I got my
education in an ordinary government school, in which the medium of instruction
was not English. After school I joined the B. Sc. (Physics Honours) course of
the University of Delhi, along with a school friend of mine, Tejbir Singh
Jaggi. He and I felt lost and forlorn in this new scenario in which most other
students spoke English fluently and confidently. An interesting incident comes
to mind here.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the
practicals class for physics, each of us had a partner for conducting
experiments. I and Tejbir were one such pair. Our teacher was one Dr. Mela Ram
Wadhawan. On the first day we found that he was surrounded by students, taking
instructions from him and asking questions. We felt timid, not knowing how to
converse with him in English in front of everybody. So we went to a corner and
constructed sentences, correcting each other as we proceeded, and did some
rehearsal on what we were going to ask the teacher about the experiment
assigned to us!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I took this
incident seriously, and decided to do something about my English. I found
Bertrand Russell’s writing skills very fascinating. His mathematical habits
showed up even in sentence construction. His utmost regard for logic in
whatever he wrote was very educative for me. I tried to emulate him. I also
enjoyed the raw power of Jack London’s stories, as also the brisk narrative of
Sherlock Holmes stories.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In due course
I have also inculcated the habit of avoiding logical fallacies in whatever I speak
or write. I try to make sure that no complete sentence of mine can be misquoted
out of context.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">So much for
written English. What about spoken English? I had a terrible start. In mid-1979
I landed in London, on my way to Oxford to work with Mike Glazer as a Nuffield
Foundation Travelling Fellow. At the airport I was received by an official from
the Nuffield Foundation who, among other things, handed over a cheque to me for
the initial expenses. I was telling this gentleman that Mike was based at the
Clarendon Laboratory, and that he also taught at the St. Jesus College. He
could not help smiling because the way I pronounced the word ‘Jesus’ did not
make any sense to him (or so he pretended)! Those were the days. I decided that
I would use my stay at Oxford for improving my spoken English as well. This
came easy. I have a rather keen sense of observation, particularly about how
people speak. Watching the English people speaking their mother tongue
(particularly on BBC Radio) was very instructive, and I was a quick learner.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Encouragement
followed soon after, though not for spoken English. Mike and I decided to
co-author a book (though the idea was dropped later). I did some sample
drafting and showed it to him. He was very impressed, and said: ‘Vinod, I wish
my countrymen could write English like you do’ (see Glazer & Roleder 2010).
This was indeed a far cry from my school days.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I have also
tried to learn Russian, French, and Italian, but not with much success. One
good thing that has happened though is that I can recognize words in English
which have been borrowed from these languages.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. THE PUNJABIS</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I am an Indian from Punjab, and that has a
lot to do with my conduct and worldview.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Punjab has been known by several other
names in the distant past: Sapta Sindhva; Hafta Hindva; Pentopotamia; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Madra Desh</i> (named after Madri, mother of
the Pandvas in the epic Mahabharat) (Gupta & Gupta 1999). Going back in
time, although Indologists continue to differ on the age of the Indian
civilization, there is agreement that it is among the oldest in the world, and
that Punjab was its cradle. Excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro indicated
that the Indus Valley Civilization flourished around 3000 BC [recent studies
have shown that the Indus era is <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-era-8000-years-old-not-5500-ended-because-of-weaker-monsoon/articleshow/52485332.cms">~8000 years old</a></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-era-8000-years-old-not-5500-ended-because-of-weaker-monsoon/articleshow/52485332.cms"></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">]. It seems to
have embraced the whole of Sindh and Punjab, as also large parts of Kathiawar,
the valleys of the North-West Frontier Province, and some parts of the Gangotri
basin.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Vedic Civilization emerged in this
era. It is associated by some with the coming of the tall and fair Aryans,
although nobody can say for sure where they came from (if at all they came from
outside; the current thinking is that there was simply a migration of the
indigenous people eastwards due to a prolonged weakening and failure of monsoon).
The Aryans lived in tribes, spoke Sanskrit, and worshipped Nature in all its
manifestations. Vedic Hinduism evolved in Punjab. Many of the great works of
Sanskrit literature were written here.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Rigveda is the most important among
the four Vedas. It is probably the oldest literature of mankind, and thus contains the
earliest recorded human thought. It is the fountainhead of practically all the
basic concepts developed in India, and in a way (because of its antiquity),
throughout the world.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Punjab is mostly fertile plains which,
along with its invigorating climate and a hardy populace, have been the source
of its wealth. The wealth invited a string of foreign invasions, mainly through
the Khyber Pass. There came the Persians, the Greeks, the Bactrians, the
Scythian tribes, the Mongoloid Huns, and then the Muslims (Arabic, Pushto,
Turkish, Afghan). Naturally, Punjab has seen a large amount of racial
intermingling and assimilation. And, of course, wars. It is important to
remember these facts when one tries to understand the Punjabi mind,
particularly the never-say-die spirit and the sense of humour.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Culture flourishes in times of peace and
prosperity. Punjab has had more than its share of prosperity. The rich cultural
heritage of Punjab derives from its various social, political and religious
movements, not to mention the antiquity of its existence. Its foundations have
been laid by Rishis and Gurus. Thousands of saints, scholars, and martyrs have
given nourishment and character to the culture. Punjabis do well, and then they
like to show off! Others are not amused by this, and the inferiority complex
seeps through in their comments.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In a lighter vein, let us take a look at
all the Nobel Laureates of Indian origin in science. All were Punjabis (well,
almost!): Prof. Abdus Salam (particle physics); Prof. Hargovind Khorana
(molecular genetics); and Prof. S. Chandrasekhar (astrophysics); the
last-mentioned spent many of his formative years as a physicist at Lahore in
Punjab! Prof. Salam hailed from the Jhang district of Punjab. Prof. Khorana, a
Punjabi, migrated to the U.S. after he failed to land a decent job in India.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Punjabis, by and large, have a rather
strong sense of humour. They are ever ready to laugh, not only at themselves,
but also at others, and this creates problems for them; it surely did for me on
several occasions. Here is a more recent example.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There was a gracious and popular lady
scientist, several years senior to me. Both of us had ‘retired’ from service on
superannuation, and I was doing a tenure at the BARC as a DAE Raja Ramanna
Fellow (2005-2010). I was taking tea with some friends at the canteen when we
saw this lady approaching us, a cup and saucer in one hand and a bag in the
other. We gave her a welcoming smile, and somebody fetched a chair for her.
Suddenly, the tea cup slipped from the saucer and fell on the floor, splashing
the tea all around. We all tried to help her, but she was very embarrassed.
‘<i>Now that’s what I call making a splash!</i>’, said I. I realized immediately that
this was an inappropriate thing to say, particularly to a lady, the wittiness
and the originality of the remark notwithstanding. But it was too late to
retract, and I could only feel sorry for my behaviour.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Was this an instance of my Punjabi sense
of humour, or was it indicative of a different kind of tendency? We all have
the hunger to do or say something original, and being witty in the bargain is
something too irresistible, particularly for scientists. Was this indiscretion
symptomatic of that? I don’t know.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3. MY SCHOOL
DAYS</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I was about two years old at the time of
India’s independence and partition of Punjab. We opted to come over to the
Indian side of Punjab. So ours was a ‘refugee’ family. We had lost money,
house, belongings, just about everything. My father had to look for a job and
start life all over again.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In due course we settled in West Delhi at
Tilak Nagar, a ‘refugee colony’ started by the government for people like us.
My father got an administrative job at an ITI (Industrial Training Institute). The Social
Welfare Department of the GOI had opened several such institutes for giving
vocational training to people. We also took possession of a house nearby, one
among the many the government was constructing for the refugees. The
construction work was done in such a hurry that unbaked bricks had to be used,
and there were no boundary walls. The roofs were made of wooden planks covered
with unbaked bricks. No electricity. No water supply. No sewage pipes. No LPG of
course.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Tilak Nagar, being a refugee colony in the wilderness, had
to start from scratch for everything. There were agricultural fields all
around, and facilities were built up one by one. The school I joined was one
such.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My mother was a strong, hard-working lady,
rather like the lady of the house in Khushwant Singh’s novel ‘<i>I Shall Not
Hear the Nightingale</i>’. She was also a no-nonsense person, quite aggressive
of temperament. My father was of the tactful type, but also very strong-willed.
He was very handsome, and in the pink of health.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yUp6Q7JSWPg/V0xTYPpYq_I/AAAAAAAAEPI/Nr_a_da-r_85t4vTdYtjMQPf1t4tTTzaACLcB/s1600/Dad1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yUp6Q7JSWPg/V0xTYPpYq_I/AAAAAAAAEPI/Nr_a_da-r_85t4vTdYtjMQPf1t4tTTzaACLcB/s320/Dad1.jpg" width="232" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[With my mother, sister, brother, and father.]</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In spite of our poor financial condition,
the greatest gift my father gave me was his unshakeable belief in my
capabilities. I had no idea about the reasons behind that, but his high
expectations, as also his own example of shear grit and determination, spurred
me to do my best to be a worthy son. My mother also did her best to ensure that
I got whatever they could afford, and more.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">When I look back I find that, in spite of
the fact that mine was an ordinary government school, the teaching was rather
good. I have fond memories of our English teacher and the physics teacher, and
also the Principal.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is a bad memory also. Once our
class, while waiting for the next teacher to arrive, was noisily discussing
this and that. I was of the quiet type and used to sit in the front row. I was
reading something, and was not talking to anybody. Our PT teacher, a burly
Sikh, walked in and shouted at us about the noise the class was making. He also
picked up two boys at random and gave them a big slap each. I was one of them.
I was outraged because I was not making any noise at all. I stared at him and
said ‘what have I done’? I got a further boxing of ears for this act of
defiance. Such punishment for standing up for justice, and for asserting my
fiercely independent nature, is something I have got again and again in my
career.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">School days were fun. A classmate of mine (Sohan Singh)
used to boast that he could break a glass pane with the force of his urine
stream! He wanted to have a bet on that, but none of us thought much of this
claim.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I took my studies seriously. Children from
middle-class families like mine usually tend to excel in studies because they
know that if they fail to do well, there is no family business, or a rich
father, to fall back on for making life livable.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I passed the Higher Secondary examination
in 1961. Ours was the first batch from the school to appear in the board
examinations. Four <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">boys</span> got first division (more than 60% marks). I was one
of them. </span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4. THE
UNIVERSITY DAYS</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Since I had
scored more than 60% marks, I was able to get admission to the B. Sc. (Honours)
course in the physics discipline of the University of Delhi (DU). My friend
Tejbir, mentioned above, also got admission to the same course. Tilak Nagar is
quite far from the Delhi University campus, so we commuted by bus. At some stage the
government started a ‘University Special’ bus service from Tilak Nagar, and
this was of great help. This also meant that we saw the same boys and girls
every morning at the bus stop and in the bus.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After doing
his B.Sc., Tejbir went to Italy. He brought home an Italian wife, something
very unusual those days for people of our background. He was always reckless, and
crafty too. His two brothers were in the army, and that meant that they got
booze at highly discounted prices. Tejbir used to tell us how he could easily
steal whisky at home, and get away with it; the trick was to replace the whisky
removed from the bottle by an equal amount of water! And the brothers would
complain about the poor quality of whisky sold in the defence canteen!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A craze those
days was to be able to impress the girls travelling in our University Special
with good spoken English. Something funny happened one day. While we were
waiting for our bus, a policeman sauntered in, cane in hand. He picked up an
argument with us for no apparent reason, except perhaps that he too wanted to
impress the girls with the authority of his position. For good measure, he
decided to speak in English. But this turned out to be his undoing. At one stage
he said, ‘I have told you and I am tolding you again . . . .’. All of us burst
out laughing, much to his embarrassment, although I am not sure whether he
indeed understood why we were laughing.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In this
incident the boy leading the arguments was, of course, Tejbir, and we had a
tough time pulling him away from the law enforcer of the land. But Tejbir was
like that, always of short temper, and not afraid of anybody when he knew that
he was in the right. In one incident he even got physical with a policeman. I
can well imagine how he must have reacted when a mob came baying for his life
and that of other members of his Sikh family during the 1984 anti-Sikh pogrom
supported and abetted by the Congress Party, following the assassination of
Indira Gandhi. He was killed by the mob.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The teaching
at the university was good. I learnt, rather early, from our Practicals-class
teacher, Dr. Mela Ram Wadhawan, the importance of stating the numerical measure of any
physical quantity to the correct number of significant digits, no less no more.
One of our assigned experiments was to measure the value of the gravity
constant. There were no calculators at our disposal those days, and we used the log tables
which listed the numbers to four digits. Dr. Mela Ram asked me whether my
measurement of the gravity constant was indeed that precise or accurate. When I
kept quiet, he explained how to estimate errors and use this information for
quoting the value of any measurement to the estimated degree of precision
and/or accuracy.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One book I
liked to read was Worsnop & Flint’s <i>Advanced Practical Physics for
Students</i>. I still remember how I enjoyed reading in it about the atomic
mechanism of buoyancy.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Many teachers
in our Physics Department taught almost the same course year after year. We
also learnt from our seniors that even the jokes these teachers told in the
class were the same every year! One teacher used notes which were prepared, not
by him, but by <i>his</i> teacher!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Apart from the
main subject physics, we also had chemistry and mathematics as subsidiary
subjects. We were taught organic chemistry by one Dr. T. R. Seshadry. At that
time we had no idea how eminent a chemist this person was. But he did one thing
which created a very poor impression on me about his level of intelligence.
Some of us students were having a leisurely walk after lunch, gossiping busily
about this and that. We did not notice that we had come near an exit door of
the corridor and, completely unintentionally, blocked the passage for a couple
of girls who wanted to go out of the building. We made way for them as soon as
we noticed this. But the venerable Dr. Seshadry happened to have seen this, and
took us to task for intentional harassment to girls. This was outrageous, but
we poor students could do nothing to convince him that he was wrong.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On one
occasion I got badly injured while returning home from the university. The DTC
buses used to be very crowded in the evenings, and we often had to hang
precariously from the bus entrance door, hoping that there would be some space
in the bus later. I was hanging like this when the bus overtook a cart loaded
with scrap iron, and I got seriously injured by the sharp and rusted iron
stuff. My father decided that he would let me stay in the college hostel, no
matter what the financial burden to him. I learnt later that he had to borrow
substantial sums of money to see me through college. I decided that I would
help him in getting rid of the debt as soon as I could.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My stay in
hostel solved one problem, but created another. My rather delicate digestive
system could not take for long the kind of unhygienic food and water I had to
consume day after day. I was down with typhoid, from which I took rather long
to recover. The university exams were approaching, and I was anxious to join
classes as soon as possible. One day I ignored the doctor’s advice for more
rest for complete recovery, and went to the university. The strain was too much
for my already weakened system, and there was a relapse of the disease. All in
all, my performance in the studies suffered greatly that year.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After doing B.
Sc. (Hons), I joined in 1965 the two-year M.Sc. course, specializing in
solid-state physics. This time I stayed in the Gwyer Hall Hostel, right inside
the DU campus.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Our syllabus
included lectures on crystallography, to be given by a very senior scientist
from the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Delhi. But he never came. The irony is
that after getting my Master’s degree I started my career in a field none other
than X-ray crystallography!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5. LIFE AT THE
B.A.R.C. TRAINING SCHOOL (1967-1968)</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After doing my
M. Sc., I got selected for a job at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC),
Bombay (now called Mumbai). The entry for scientists and engineers involved
(and still does) a one-year orientation course at the BARC Training School.
After successful performance at the Training School, one is made a Scientific
Officer, a Class 1 gazetted post in the G<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ovt. of I<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ndia</span></span>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I landed in
Bombay at the Training School hostel on 15<sup>th</sup> August 1967. Till my
batch (the 11<sup>th</sup> batch) the hostel was located at Land’s End, Bandra.
After that it shifted to its new premises inside the BARC campus.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">We had to
commute to BARC every day for our classes, using a BARC bus. Life at the hostel
was fun, its location being at the seashore. The location was a favourite with
the people of Bombay, particularly young lovers. They came here, found a
secluded spot among the rocks, and had a good time, kissing and exploring.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Some Bengalis
of our batch had a bright idea. They pooled together money and bought a pair of
binoculars. They took turns having a good close look at what the lovers were up
to.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Apart from
the subsidized accommodation, the trainees got a monthly stipend of Rs. 300. That
workedout to Rs. 10 per day. The Head of Training School, Dr. Damodaran, is fondly
remembered to this day by many of us for his famous statement that ‘ten rupees
will be cut’ from the stipend if any of us stayed away from the classes for a
day.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Our teachers
were all working scientists and engineers of BARC, and there was a very good
teacher-to-student ratio. Teaching by such scientists helped us get a feel for
how science and technology are actually applied in real-life situations.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Sometimes even
very senior scientists of the DAE came for teaching. One of them for my batch
was Dr. Raja Ramanna. He taught us elements of set theory and group theory. He
was a remarkable man indeed; one of the ‘bosses’ of DAE I have genuine respect
for. In due course he became Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC),
and much else. I have had the experience of watching at least five Chairmen of
the AEC from close quarters. Dr. Ramanna’s was a towering personality; he was <i>the</i>
Chairman among Chairmen, like the Bhisham Pitamah of <i>Mahabharat</i>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The BARC
Training School was where I was introduced to the basics of crystallography, as
also of neutron scattering, reactor physics, nuclear physics, health physics, and
much else.</span><br />
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">6. MY SCIENTIFIC
CAREER AT B.A.R.C. (1968 onwards)</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On 1<sup>st</sup>
August 1968 I became an employee (‘Scientific Officer’) of BARC, with a
starting take-home salary of Rs. 640. My father happened to be in Bombay when I
received my first pay cheque. I handed over the cheque to him, remembering what
he and my mother had been through to enable me to see this day. He was very
touched, and gave the cheque back to me with his blessings, his eyes moist with
happiness and perhaps many other emotions. For the next few years I sent home
half of my salary every month.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Placement
Committee had assigned me to the Nuclear Physics Division (NPD), headed at that
time by Dr. P. K. Iyengar. In those days solid-state-physics activities were a
part of the NPD, and only later was a separate Solid State Physics Division
(SSPD) carved out of the NPD.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr. Iyengar
assigned me to one of the two Sections in NPD which were engaged in
crystallographic research (X-ray crystallography and neutron crystallography, respectively). My boss (X-ray crystallography) had a rather strong sense of rivalry with
the boss heading the other Section, and this created problems for me (many of
them of my own making).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I began by
reading up books on X-ray crystallography, including those by M. J. Buerger. My
boss had a small, make-shift laboratory housed in the Apsara Reactor Building,
and our mandate was to determine the atomic structure of certain crystals by
using X-ray diffraction. The simplest technique for growing water-soluble
crystals is to make a saturated solution and just leave it somewhere in a clean
environment. Since the sizes of crystals required are not very large, this
works fine. I am mentioning this here for a reason. The boss had quite an
assortment of beakers and Petr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i</span> dishes, with solutions of various chemicals. I
noticed that he seemed to have forgotten certain solutions altogether, and all
the water had evaporated from them. I was intrigued by one such solid mass: The
crystallization process had resulted in a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">huge
screw-like growth</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">with
millimetre-sized steps</i>, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">growth
features extending over several centimetres</i>. The morphology looked
like a giant screw-dislocation, occupying the entire beaker. That was in 1968/69. Later, when I learnt about screw dislocations in crystals, particularly
from a book by Dr. A. R. Verma, it occurred to me that perhaps I had noticed
something never reported anywhere in the scientific literature on crystal
growth. I tried hard to have a re-look at that growth feature, but the boss had
probably thrown the beaker away. I still wonder whether this has indeed been reported in the crystal-growth literature anywhere.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I
had the
idealism typical of my youth, and a certain degree of recklessness. Add
to that the Punjabi genes and what you have is a lethal combination
(lethal for me!). Once I read
a book in the BARC library about the bad effect of an inadequate boss on
one’s
career. There was a checklist of questions about one’s boss, and the
advice was
to change the boss or the job if the present boss scored 5 or less, out
of 10.
My boss got a poor score, so I decided to change the boss!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">That was
easier said than done in the prevailing situation in my government job. I
damaged my career considerably by persisting with my request for a transfer to
the other crystallography Section in the same Division. Little did I realize
that I was upsetting the prevailing office politics seriously, and that certain
things were just not done. Dr. Iyengar accepted my request eventually, but long
after considerable damage had occurred to my career (bad and irresponsible Annual Confidential
Reports (ACRs) by the boss I wanted to leave,<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> and t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">consequent slow promotions for some years; </span></span></span>the ACRs were secr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">et documents in those days, and the person reported upon <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">got no c<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hance <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">to defend hims<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">elf, except in some extreme situations</span></span></span></span></span>).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dr. Iyengar
was a man with a tremendous strength of character. He was rough at times, but
it was easier to deal with him than with certain other bosses who had perfected the
art of carrying a frozen smile on their face, irrespective of what was really
going on in their minds.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">An interesting
situation arose when 'cold fusion' started grabbing the headlines. We looked up to
our seniors at BARC for what to make of it. There was a wide spectrum of
responses among them. In the beginning quite a few jumped onto the
bandwagon, theorizing and even writing quick papers. Then the smart ones became
ambivalent. And in due course, some of them rejected the whole thing as
nonsense. What I found most unsatisfactory was that the only reason they gave
for rejecting the cold-fusion data outright was that there was no explanation or theory available <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">for how <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">cold fusion</span> can possibly occur</span>. This was no way of doing science. One person who stood his ground was
Dr. Iyengar. He provided full support to his protégé, Dr. M. Srinivasan (see
Srinivasan & Meulenberg 2015), for carrying out his investigations on this
phenomenon.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The BARC main
auditorium at the Central Complex became functional at some stage, and one of
the earliest symposia for which it was used was the one organized by a senior
colleague, Dr. N. S. Satyamurthy. He once called me to review the arrangements
in the hall. At that time the embedded microphones among the seats had not
become operational. I pointed out that we should place some microphones in the
aisles also, so that the participants do not have to walk too much to reach the
nearest mike for asking a question or making a comment on a presentation. He
said ‘Good idea’, and issued the necessary instructions. But sometimes funny
situations can arise even when you least expect them. In one such symposium,
people had a good lunch and came to the hall for the next session. There was a
chap sitting in an aisle seat, and he fell asleep. Not only that, he started
snoring. It so happened that there was a mike right next to him in the aisle,
and his snoring sound got amplified, much to the amusement of everybody!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Talking about
symposia, I am reminded of the superb sense of humour and very keen sense of
observation of Dr. Ramanna. In the beginning the DAE annual symposium on
solid-state physics used to be held jointly with the one on nuclear physics. In
one such symposium the respective Secretaries for the two disciplines were Dr.
Satyamurthy and Dr. M. K. Mehta, both of stocky build, and a rather jolly air
about them. Dr. Ramanna watched them go to the dais every now and then for
making announcements etc. When he rose to make his concluding remarks, he said,
addressing the remark to the foreigners in the audience, ‘Looking at our two
Secretaries here, anybody would conclude that India is a well fed country’!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I obtained my
Ph. D. degree in X-ray crystallography in early 1977. The title of the thesis
was ‘Crystal Structure Studies on Compounds of Pharmacological Interest’. The
new compounds I investigated had been isolated from plants by people in the
Bio-Organic Division of BARC, so knowing their molecular structure was of great
interest to them.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One of the
compounds investigated was tylophorinidine. Its heavy-atom derivative, diacetyl
tylophorinidine methiodide, was used for determining the crystal structure
(Wadhawan & Sikka 1976). The crystals have space-group symmetry C2, with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">two</i> molecules in the asymmetric unit.
This meant that I had to determine the locations of as many as 70 non-hydrogen
atoms. In those days this was the largest crystal-structure-determination to
date (1974), in India. Thi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s rese<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">arch </span>problem <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">required</span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">considerab<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">le effort by me</span></span> beca<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">use I had to work</span></span> with <i>vis</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>ually e</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>stimated</i> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">(and therefore of poor quality) X-ray diffraction intensi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ty da<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ta.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">After getting
my Ph. D. degree I felt that I do not want to go on doing crystallography all
my life, and looked around for something new to do. A conference abstract by S.
C. Abraham introduced me to the new field of ferroelasticity (new from the
physicist’s point of view). I was hooked to it in no time. This kind of <i>obsession</i>
for a field of research that I develop has occurred again and again in my career,
often creating problems for me. The problem created in this case was that my boss
emphasized <i>technique-oriented</i> research, which in this case was neutron
diffraction and X-ray diffraction. I revolted against this. My idea was that
one should identify a good research problem first, and then apply whatever
techniques it takes to attack the problem. Why should one get tied down to a
technique, and then do whatever research is possible with that?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But
disagreement with the boss can be very costly, particularly in a government job in
India. In my case it meant then that I had to make do with whatever instruments
somebody at BARC will let me use for doing my research. With ferroelasticity,
since it was a new field, one thing one could do was to try to discover the
‘ferroelastic effect’ in previously unexplored materials. One simple thing I
could do was to use an optical polarizing microscope and see if my crystal specimen
exhibited the ferroelastic effect on application of uniaxial stress with simply a
toothpick. But I did not have an optical microscope of my own. So I went to people in
BARC who had <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the</span> microscopes and requested them to let me use them. I found
that I cannot go to the same person’s laboratory again and again, so I had to change
my benefactor frequently!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I discovered
ferroelasticity in a few materials, beginning with orthoboric acid (H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>),
then BaCl<sub>2</sub>.2H<sub>2</sub>O, then some others. Once I gave a 'Physics
Colloquium' lecture at BARC, describing the work I had done. At the end I
thanked ‘Dr. U. R. K. Rao, Dr. S. V. K. Rao, Dr. T. R. Rao, and Dr. K. N. Rao’
for letting me use their microscopes. Yes, there were as many as four Raos to
thank! My boss, responsible for my plight, was in the audience.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My resolve to
pursue problem-based research, rather than technique-based research on which
the big boss laid stress, made me a kind of persona non grata. I did not have
access to the main journal in my field of interest, namely <i>Ferroelectrics</i>
becaus<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e the Library Committee of BARC decided <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">against subscribi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">n</span>g to it </span></span>(the Internet was something unheard of those days, at least by me). No funds
for research, no encouragement by the boss. He just let me be. Therefore, call
it a good thing or bad, over the years I have developed the tendency to work in
those areas of science in which there is no crowding in Indian science. I think
this is what they call ‘making a virtue out of necessity’<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">.</span></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The more the
system ignored and suppressed me, the stronger my resolve became to prove the
big boss wrong and show that there is plenty of science in my system. Strange
are the ways some people inspire their juniors.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In 1977 I was
the only <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">physicist</span> in India working on ferroelasticity. This field in physics was
started by Keitsiro Aizu of Japan. I read up a large number of his papers. You
can imagine my plight. I was chasing a field of research in which there was
nobody in India I could talk to. What is <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">more, m</span>y obsession with ferroelasticity made me the
object of ridicule by the boss and his cronies. I remember the day when I was
in a meeting called by the boss. Every time I uttered the word
‘ferroelasticity’, there was a guffaw of laughter from just about everybody
present there. But by chasing ferroelasticity obsessively, I ended up writing the
first ever comprehensive book on the subject of ferroic materials (Wadhawan 2000)
(ferroelastic materials are a subset of ferroic materials).</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Later I wrote a
book on smart structures (2007). On both ferroic materials and smart structures
I was ahead of my times in Indian science. Nature has a way of compensating the
have-nots.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
--------------------</div>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><u>Optical <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">f</span>errogyrotropy</u> </span></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There are
three categories of ‘primary’ ferroics: ferroelectrics, ferromagnetics, and
ferroelastics. In ferroelectrics there is spontaneous polarization (a
first-rank polar tensor property) which can be switched to a different direction
(‘orientation state’) by applying an electric field. For ferromagnetics the
spontaneous property is magnetization (a first-rank axial tensor property),
which can be switched by applying a magnetic field. For ferroelastics the
spontaneous switchable tensor property (mechanical strain) is a second-rank POLAR tensor, and it takes an appropriately oriented uniaxial stress to switch
or reorient it. I asked the question: Can there be a fourth type of primary
ferroics in which the reorientable property is a second-rank AXIAL tensor? The answer turned out to
be a qualified ‘yes’. Optical gyrotropy, which arises from the first-order
spatial dispersion of the dielectric-permittivity tensor, is such a property,
and I gave the name ‘optical
ferrogyrotropy’ to the phenomenon in which the spontaneous optical
gyrotropy tensor of a crystal has two or more equivalent orientation states
accessible to it, and one can switch it from one such state to another by
applying a suitable force field (Wadhawan 1979, 1982, 2000).</span></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I also showed
that optical ferrogyrotropy is only an ‘implicit’ form of ferroicity. What this
means is that ferrogyrotropic state shifts, though very much a reality, cannot
be mediated by the gyrotropic tensor property. They can only be effected through an
accompanying, explicitly ferroic,
property tensor. For example, a ferrogyrotropic state shift may occur as a phenomenon concomitant with a ferro<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">elastic state shi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ft or a ferroelectric state shift, etc. (if symme<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">try considerations permit that</span>).</span></span></span></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I have been
mentioning ‘orientation states’ above. A ferroic material always has two or
more equivalent orientation states, which are a relic of a ‘ferroic phase
transition’ in it, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a transition which</span> necessarily breaks the point-group symmetry of the
crystal (Wadhawan 2000). The phase transition is taken as occurring from a certain 'prototy<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">pe</span>' symmetry. There is a group-subgroup relationship between the prototype (point-<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">group</span>) symmetry and the ferroic-phase symmetry. Each such <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">disti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">nct</span></span> pair of point-group symme<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tries defines a 'ferroic species'.</span></span></i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Work on gyrotropy, or rather ferrogyro<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tropy, brought me in conta<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ct with the great group-theory expert Kopsky, whom I was to meet </span>much later during my one-month stay in Czechoslovakia, and he has been a good friend since t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hen</span>.
He was probably one of the two referees of my paper 'Gyrotropy: An
Implicit Form of Ferroicity' (Wadhawan 1979). In fact, unknown to me,
his group had also published at about the same time an extensive
analysis of g<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">yrotropy in the context of ferroic phase transitions<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> (K<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">onak, Kopsky & Smutny 1978</span>).</span></span></span> They had derived and listed<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> the possible ferroic species of 'pure' </span>gyrotropics resulting from nongyrotropic prototype phases. Independently of them, I <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ha<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">d also <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">identified <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a similar list by inspection from an exhaustive table of ferroic species publish<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ed by </span>Aizu</span></span></span></span> (<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">1</span>970). I <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">pointed out in my paper that my list of 18 such specie<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s included some which were missing <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">in</span> the </span></span>wor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">k of K<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">onak et al. (1978).</span></span> K<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">op<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">sky wrote to me, ex<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">plaining why his list was smaller. So I agreed to include <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a 'note added in proof<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">' in my paper which read as follows: 'In a person<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">al communic<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ation Dr. Kopsky p<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">oints out that <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">T</span>able 1 of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Konak, Kopsky & Smutny (1978) gives only those pure gyrotropic species w<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hich involve equitranslational phase transitions associated with a single transition paramet<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">er. Thus t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he scope of their Table 1 is more limited than mine. The 18 species listed in the present paper exhaust all possible pure gyrotropic non-magnetic species</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>'.</span></span></span></span></span></span></i><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">---------<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">----------</span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As a
digression, I should explain here the organizational structure at BARC. The
largest subunits of BARC are the Groups, with each of them headed by a Group
Director, who reports to Director BARC. An example is the Physics Group, headed
at that time (1977) by Dr. Iyengar. Under each Group are the various Divisions
(e.g. the NPD), and a Division may have one or more Sections.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Crystallographers
around the world are a well-organized community. There is an over-arching
International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), and then there are National
Committees on Crystallography in many countries. The IUCr holds a huge Congress
every four years. In 1978 it was held at Warsaw in what was then
Czechoslovakia.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I had published
a significant paper on my discovery of the ferroelastic effect in orthoboric acid crystals
(Wadhawan<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> 1</span>978), and I sent an abstract of this work to the IUCr Congress. My
application for financial support was duly forwarded by my office to the
funding agency (DST) at Delhi. At some stage I was told by my senior that my
paper has been shortlisted for financial support, and that it <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">was</span> at the top of
the list, purely on merit. The next thing I learnt was that I shall <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> be getting any financial assistance
for travel, clearly because of the manipulations quite common in government
circles. Dr. Iyengar was not pleased by these developments, and immediately
sanctioned my travel expenses. He also wrote to a scientist friend of his at
Warsaw to arrange for meeting all my local expenses.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I made a
poster presentation at the Warsaw Meeting. This was my first visit abroad.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mWTp5lNOb2s/V0zwYW7vmdI/AAAAAAAAEP4/xfa5oMoBtcY-94OGyGDpOVWlHufkbFjZQCLcB/s1600/Warsaw1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="252" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mWTp5lNOb2s/V0zwYW7vmdI/AAAAAAAAEP4/xfa5oMoBtcY-94OGyGDpOVWlHufkbFjZQCLcB/s400/Warsaw1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[With <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Prof</span>.
Gopinath Kartha and one other scientist, at the IUCr Congress, Warsaw (1978).]</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">At the Warsaw
Congress I met Mike Glazer for the first time. I told him that I was looking
for a post-doctoral position at his Clarendon Laboratory. He agreed, so long as
some funding agency supported my tenure. I applied for and won the Nuffield
Foundation Travelling Fellowship for a period of one year. I landed at Oxford
in mid-1979, and my family joined me a few months later.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[Continued in
Part 2. The references cited are listed at the end of Part 3.]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-59483092862699831242015-09-28T19:47:00.000+05:302016-10-04T19:39:19.533+05:30Climate Justice and What We Eat<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">These days there is a raging debate in India about
‘our right to eat just about anything we want to’. Our right, yes. And what
about our duty to Mother Earth? Who will worry about that? In this article I
try to explain how the present food preferences of a large chunk of the human
population are seriously jeopardizing the future of our planet by contributing
to global warming and climate change etc.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b1Buvj5p6uQ/Vgoiy940ClI/AAAAAAAAEI0/YdO849kaGrQ/s1600/mother-earth-tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="539" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b1Buvj5p6uQ/Vgoiy940ClI/AAAAAAAAEI0/YdO849kaGrQ/s640/mother-earth-tree.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></span></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]--></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://greenupgrader.com/24601/earth-day-the-never-ending-fight-to-save-our-planet/mother-earth-tree/">http://greenupgrader.com/24601/earth-day-the-never-ending-fight-to-save-our-planet/mother-earth-tree/</a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Each community has its share of educated people, and
this article is addressed to them. In any case, as Modiji has said often, 65%
of our population is below the age of 35 years. And this population of
youngsters is more likely to be educated than people in the previous
generation, particularly because of the easier access to the Internet. I exhort
these youngsters to imbibe the essence of what I am saying here, and then show
off (!) how ‘cool’ they are when it comes to appreciating matters of global concern.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There are three main types of people when it comes to
eating: Vegans, non-vegan vegetarians, and non-vegetarians.</span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">VEGANS</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Vegans are vegetarians who do not consume even dairy
products. They eat only plant-based foods. This is the most
eco-friendly way of living. I quote <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/jan/10/how-much-water-food-production-waste">Ami Sedghi</a>:</span><span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘<i>Meat
production requires a much higher amount of water than vegetables. IME state
that to produce 1kg of meat requires between 5,000 and 20,000 litres of water
whereas to produce 1kg of wheat requires between 500 and 4,000 litres of
water.</i>’</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But there are certain nutrition-related problems <span class="uficommentbody">a vegan has to tackle, particularly regarding the
B-vitamins. Although there are <a href="http://www.onegreenplanet.org/natural-health/b-vitamins-how-to-get-them-in-a-vegan-diet/">claims</a> that there are ways to solve this
problem in a vegan diet,</span></span><span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> they are not
entirely true. Use of (semi-synthetic) supplements helps, as also the use of certain fortified foods, but this can be a rather costly proposition. Here is what a young friend wrote on my
Facebook page, participating in a discussion on this subject:</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘<i>I am a vegan.
I switched over to one from a strict non-vegetarian for several reasons. Love
for animals was the most important, health issues (gout, cholesterol being some)
and environmental issues being some of the others. However, my personal
experience was like this; very soon I developed deficiency in B12, Zinc and
Calcium. Also, my cholesterol and specially triglyceride could not be lowered
by just vegan diet which makes me believe that the vegan sources of omega 3 and
6 in the form of hemp oil, is not as good as fish oil. However, I did'nt give
up my vegan diet and still continuing to practise the same, of course
supplementing my diet with expensive medicines of vegan sources. Based on this,
my own conclusion is, while I do not have any doubt that vegan diet is good for
health (of course the tacit statement is, cooking has to be done in a healthy
way) and good for the environment, but it will be meaningless to advise people
on vegan diet unless they are given a choice to opt for one which guarantees
them all the necessary vitamins, proteins and minerals and which suits their
financial status. More research is required in this field</i>.’</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">On the issue
of vitamin B12 intake, I begin by quoting from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins">Wikipedia</a> (emphasis added by me):</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘<i>The B<sub>12</sub> vitamin is of note because it is
not available from plant products, making B<sub>12</sub> deficiency a
legitimate concern for </i></span><i><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan" title="Vegan"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">vegans</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Manufacturers of plant-based foods will sometimes
report B<sub>12</sub> content, leading to confusion about what sources yield B<sub>12</sub>.
The confusion arises because the standard </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Pharmacopeia" title="US Pharmacopeia"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">US Pharmacopeia</span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i> (USP) method for measuring the B<sub>12</sub> content does not measure
the B<sub>12</sub> directly. Instead, it measures a bacterial response to the
food. Chemical variants of the B<sub>12</sub> vitamin found in plant sources
are active for bacteria, but cannot be used by the human body. This same
phenomenon can cause significant over-reporting of B<sub>12</sub> content in
other types of foods as well</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_vitamins#cite_note-27"><sup><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[27]</span></sup></a></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<u><i>Ultimately, animals must obtain
vitamin B<sub>12</sub> directly or indirectly from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">bacteria</span></a>, and these
bacteria may inhabit a section of the gut that is distal to the section where B<sub>12</sub>
is absorbed. Thus, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivorous" title="Herbivorous"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">herbivorous</span></a> animals must
either obtain B<sub>12</sub> from bacteria in their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">rumens</span></a> or (if
fermenting plant material in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut" title="Hindgut"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">hindgut</span></a>) by
reingestion of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecotrope" title="Cecotrope"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">cecotrope</span></a> faeces</i>.</u></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> is found in
most animal derived foods, including fish and shellfish, meat (especially
liver), poultry, eggs, milk, and milk products.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12#cite_note-nih-2"><sup><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[2]</span></sup></a> However, <u>the
binding capacity of egg yolks and egg whites is markedly diminished after heat
treatment</u></i>.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12#cite_note-33"><sup><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[33]</span></sup></a>’</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Vitamin B12 is essential for the
manufacture of red blood cells in our body. It plays an important role in the
normal functioning of neurons, and for the manufacture of myelin. It is also
needed for the replication of DNA, meaning, among other things, that its
deficiency can result in just about all the effects of aging. Your body just
cannot afford to be too deficient in this vitamin.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">A fine set of <a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/vitaminb12">articles</a> I have come across on the issue of B12 deficiency
in vegans is by Jack Norris. It is important to read the articles
fully. Here are some excerpts (emphasis is mine):</span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Vitamin B12 is generally found in all
animal foods (except honey). <u>Contrary to the many rumors, there are no
reliable, unfortified plant sources of vitamin B12, including <a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/plant"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">tempeh, seaweeds, and organic produce</span></a></u><b>.</b> One of the
earliest studies conducted on vegans, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13258511"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">from the U.K. in 1955</span></a>, described
significant vitamin B12 deficiency in the vegans with some suffering from nerve
damage and dementia. This, as well as many <a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/cases"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">case studies since then of vitamin B12
deficiency in vegans</span></a>,
and a great deal of other evidence detailed here, has led to the overwhelming
consensus in the mainstream nutrition community, as well as among vegan health
professionals, that vitamin B12 fortified foods or supplements are necessary
for the optimal health of vegans, and even vegetarians in many cases. <u>Luckily,
vitamin B12 is made by bacteria such that it does not need to be obtained from
animal products</u></i>.’</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Despite the overwhelming evidence
that vegans without a reliable source of vitamin B12 are likely harming their
health, some vegan advocates still believe that "plant foods provide all
the nutrients necessary for optimal health," and do not address vitamin
B12 when promoting the vegan diet. Other advocates acknowledge the need for
B12, but only as an afterthought. And still others emphasize that humans need
only small amounts of B12 and that it can be stored in the body for years</i>.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i><u>While true that, at the time they
become vegan, some people have enough B12 stored in their liver to prevent
overt B12 deficiency for many years, people often misinterpret this to mean
that you only need to consume a tiny amount once every few years. Actually, to
build up such stores, it takes years of consuming B12 beyond one's daily needs
(unless you are using supplements which can build up stores more quickly). Some
people do not have large enough stores of B12 to be relied upon for optimal
health even for short periods.</u></i>’</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">In another <a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/everyvegan">article</a>, Jack Norris
writes:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/articles/everyvegan"><br /></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>In the published research, the only
plant food that has been tested for improving B12 status in humans using the
gold standard of lowering methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels was nori, which did
not improve vitamin B12 status. Thus, the discussion about whether Western
vegans can get B12 from plant foods could end here.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Because so many plant foods have
failed at improving B12 status and because this topic is of interest to the
vegan community, the research on vitamin B12 in vegan foods is examined in
detail below.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>A number of foods, arguably, warrant
further attention. But unless these foods are shown consistently to correct B12
deficiency, vegans should not rely on them for vitamin B12</i>.’</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And this is what he writes about
organic produce as a source of vitamin B12 for vegans:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Unless uncleaned, organic produce is
shown to lower MMA levels, it is unjustified to claim that B12 can be obtained
in such a manner, or to claim with certainty that humans have ever relied on it
as a source of B12.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Only until organic foods are chosen
randomly from markets and grocery stores throughout the country (or world) and
are consistently shown to decrease MMA levels will someone not be taking a
considerable risk in relying on organic foods for B12. This article documents
many vegans suffering from B12 deficiency, and it is safe to assume that many
of them consumed significant amounts of organic foods.</i></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Given that <u>the vegan movement's
aim is to eliminate cows on farms</u>, relying on organic foods for vitamin B12
is not a long-term solution for providing vitamin B12 for vegans, even if it
was plausible.</i></span></div>
<div class="subhead2" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>Herbert (<a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/plant#fn26"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">26</span></a>) reported a group of
"vegan" Iranians growing plants in night soil (human manure). The vegetables
were eaten without being carefully washed and the amount of B12 was enough to
prevent deficiency. However, for this information, Herbert cites Halstead et
al. (1959) (<a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/plant#fn27"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">27</span></a>), who do not
mention these Iranians in their paper. Herbert possibly meant to cite a 1960
paper by Halstead et al. (<a href="http://www.veganhealth.org/b12/plant#fn28"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">28</span></a>) which reported that some Iranian
villagers with very little animal product intake (dairy once a week, meat once
a month) had normal B12 levels. None had megaloblastic anemia. Their average
B12 level was 411 pg/ml which was quite high considering their diet. </i><u><i>The
authors speculated this could be because their diets, which were very low in
protein, allowed for B12-producing bacteria to ascend into the ileum where the
B12 could be absorbed. They also speculated that because they lived among their
farm animals and their living areas were littered with faeces, they picked up
enough B12 through contamination</i>.</u>’</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">NON-VEGAN VEGETARIANS</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Such people generally do not eat even
fish. Apart from cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds, they consume dairy
products. Therefore, by and large, they do not face the nutritional problems
faced by vegans. From the point of view of carbon footprint (see below for its
meaning) and global warming etc., they do not fare as badly as non-vegetarians,
but there is still a catch, namely the need for a very high cattle population on our
planet to meet their demands for dairy products.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The current cattle population far
exceeds the human population. We raise cattle, not only for meat, but also for
dairy requirements, and there is an urgent need to reduce the cattle population
by gradually improving the eating habits by all non-vegans. I quote from an
earlier blog post of mine, which was on the possible emergence of a
Heliocultural energy regime in the future (<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2013/01/63-possible-heliocultural-energy-regime.html">Wadhawan 2013</a>):</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">‘<i>To suppress the discharge of the
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the environment, the Symbian Man will seek
to exploit geological and chemical sequestration. An interesting aside
regarding carbon dioxide is the large amount of this and other greenhouse gases
released by cattle: <span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.multiculturiosity.com/carbon-footprints-food-miles-both-ends-of-the-cow-and-montreal-wests-henrys-market/"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">They emit from both
ends</span></a>!</span>
Their population should be reduced. In fact, there is a strong case for
reduction in the use of food products of animal origin. Their production is
very energy-intensive, <span style="font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/cow-emissions-more-damaging-to-planet-than-co2-from-cars-427843.html"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">with a very large
carbon footprint</span></a></span>.
Humans should move towards a<span style="font-size: x-large;"> <a href="http://timeforchange.org/are-cows-cause-of-global-warming-meat-methane-CO2"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">larger use of foods of
plant origin</span></a></span></i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">.’</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Practically
all the global warming over the past five decades has been due to an increase
in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases like water vapour, CO2, methane, and
ozone. An overarching measure is used for expressing this damage to our
ecosphere, namely the ‘carbon footprint’. It is the total amount of greenhouse
gases produced directly or indirectly for supporting human activities</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">, expressed in equivalent tons of CO2.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q_BhvHX-jbY/VgotxS99C_I/AAAAAAAAEJg/mZaRpY6Vmfo/s1600/green2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-q_BhvHX-jbY/VgotxS99C_I/AAAAAAAAEJg/mZaRpY6Vmfo/s640/green2.png" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> Excessive presence of certain gases in the ecosphere leads to an excessive trapping of the infrared radiation emitted from the surface of the Earth, leading to what is called 'global warming'. Such gases are commonly referred to as the greenhouse gases.</span></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=global+warming&newwindow=1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI3-nP-cabyAIVigqOCh36KgsG&biw=1067&bih=488#imgrc=6StcfZQ4k0SzKM%3A">https://www.google.co.in/search?q=global+warming&newwindow=1&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAWoVChMI3-nP-cabyAIVigqOCh36KgsG&biw=1067&bih=488#imgrc=6StcfZQ4k0SzKM%3A</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">I quote from the website <a href="http://timeforchange.org/are-cows-cause-of-global-warming-meat-methane-CO2">Time for Change</a>:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘<span style="font-size: large;"><i>A cow does on overage release between 70 and 120
kg of Methane per year. Methane is a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide (CO2).
But the negative effect on the climate of Methane is 23 times higher than the
effect of CO2. Therefore the release of about 100 kg Methane per year for each
cow is equivalent to about 2'300 kg CO2 per year. </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘Let's compare this value of 2'300 kg CO2: The same
amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) is generated by burning 1'000 liters of petrol.
With a car using 8 liters of petrol per 100 km, you could drive 12'500 km per
year (7'800 miles per year). </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>‘World-wide, there are about 1.5 billion cows and bulls.
All ruminants (animals which regurgitates food and re-chews it) on the world
emit about two billion metric tons of CO2-equivalents per year. In addition,
clearing of tropical forests and rain forests to get more grazing land and farm
land is responsible for an extra 2.8 billion metric tons of CO2 emission per
year</i></span>! </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘<span style="font-size: large;"><i>According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO) <b>agriculture is responsible for 18% of the total
release of greenhouse gases world-wide</b> (this is more than the whole
transportation sector). Cattle-breeding is taking a major factor for these
greenhouse gas emissions according to FAO. Says Henning Steinfeld, Chief of
FAO's Livestock Information and Policy Branch and senior author of the report:
"Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most
serious environmental problems. Urgent action is required to remedy the
situation</i></span>." </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Livestock now use 30 percent of the earth's entire land
surface, mostly permanent pasture but also including 33 percent of the global
arable land used to producing feed for livestock, the report notes. As forests
are cleared to create new pastures, it is a major driver of deforestation,
especially in Latin America where, for example, some 70 percent of former
forests in the Amazon have been turned over to grazing.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i> </i></span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">‘<i>Are cows to blame for global warming? Are cattle
the true cause for climate change?</i></span> </span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘<span style="font-size: large;"><i>We cannot deny that farming has a major impact on global
warming. Since farming is basically serving the consumer's demand for food, we
should look at our nourishment. With increased prosperity, people are consuming
more meat and dairy products every year. Global meat production is projected to
more than double from 229 million tonnes in 1999/2001 to 465 million tonnes in
2050, while milk output is set to climb from 580 to 1043 million tonnes. </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘<span style="font-size: large;"><i>A Japanese study showed that producing a kilogram of
beef leads to the emission of greenhouse gases with a global warming potential
equivalent to 36.4 kilograms of carbon dioxide (CO2). It also releases
fertilising compounds equivalent to 340 grams of sulphur dioxide and 59 grams
of phosphate, and consumes 169 megajoules of energy (Animal Science Journal,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2007.00457.x). In other words, <u>a kilogram of beef is
responsible for the equivalent of the amount of CO2 emitted by the average
European car every 250 kilometres, and burns enough energy to light a 100-watt
bulb for nearly 20 days</u> (New Scientist magazine, 18 July 2007, page 15 ). </i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘The following tables indicates the CO2 production in kg
CO2 equivalents per kg of meat depending on the animal: </span></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">1 kg of meat from </span></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">produces kg CO2e </span></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> beef</span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">34.6</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> lamb</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">17.4</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> pork</span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">6.35</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"> chicken</span></div>
</td><td style="padding: 1pt;"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">4.57 </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: x-small; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">‘<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Source: Environmental Impacts on Food Production and
Consumption. http://www.defra.gov.uk/science/project_data/DocumentLibrary/EV02007/EV02007_4601_FRP.pdf</i></span>’</span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">NON-VEGETARIANS</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">The eating habits of non-vegetarians
are the worst offenders in terms of the resultant carbon footprint. Cattle are
raised not only for dairy products, but also for beef. And between beef, mutton,
and chicken, beef production and consumption is the most damaging. Chicken is
the least damaging (as seen from the table above), with mutton and pork consumption footprints falling somewhere
in-between those of chicken and beef.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jUQKHR3XR30/VgomfypT5jI/AAAAAAAAEJA/WKt6bwjLUF8/s1600/beef.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jUQKHR3XR30/VgomfypT5jI/AAAAAAAAEJA/WKt6bwjLUF8/s640/beef.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=beef+production+carbon+footprint&newwindow=1&sa=N&biw=1067&bih=488&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ved=0CDwQ7Ak4CmoVChMIuPbP4L2byAIVSBiOCh1wYA-H#imgrc=qFQozDYSmyssoM%3A">https://www.google.co.in/search?q=beef+production+carbon+footprint&newwindow=1&sa=N&biw=1067&bih=488&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ved=0CDwQ7Ak4CmoVChMIuPbP4L2byAIVSBiOCh1wYA-H#imgrc=qFQozDYSmyssoM%3A</a></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">'</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i>Apparently <a href="http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jul/21/giving-up-beef-reduce-carbon-footprint-more-than-cars" target="_blank">giving up beef would have more impact than giving up cars</a>, which is <a href="https://www.google.co.in/search?q=beef+production+carbon+footprint&newwindow=1&sa=N&biw=1067&bih=488&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&ved=0CDwQ7Ak4CmoVChMIuPbP4L2byAIVSBiOCh1wYA-H#imgrc=qFQozDYSmyssoM%3A">a sobering thought</a></i>.'</span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">Chicken consumption is not only least
costly in terms of carbon footprint, poultry farms also provide eggs, and egg
protein is the most perfect protein for human consumption. A vegan diet
supplemented with egg consumption is a rather eco-friendly way of eating, taking good
care of our nutritional requirements. Better still, add fish too if you can.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">SO, WHAT SHOULD WE BE EATING?</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There are two types of people. Those
who do not want to eat ‘dead creatures’, and those who have no compunctions
about that. For the first type, the best option is vegetarian food, with only a
minimum essential consumption of dairy products; add eggs if you can.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">For the second type I would recommend
vegan food plus fish and other seafood. Add some chicken consumption if you
wish, but avoid pork, mutton, and beef. Of course, occasional binging is OK (even desirable perhaps), if you
crave for it.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">There is something particularly eco-friendly
about consuming fish and other seafood. <span class="uficommentbody">The produce
from the seas (and the rivers) is the equivalent of vegetation on land. Both
are natural, or near-natural, phenomena and are environment-friendly.</span></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span class="uficommentbody">Organic
farming has the great advantage of freedom from the harmful effects of
pesticides and fertilizers. But there is another advantage, not duly
publicized. Production and transport of pesticides and fertilizers entails a
large carbon footprint, which is absent when only locally produced natural
manure is used for farming.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">And a word about fish consumption. Eating fish which has spent a lot of time in contaminated waters for growing to
its present size poses the problem of large concentrations of, say, mercury,
in its flesh. The answer is organic fish farming, just like the organic
farming of vegetables and grains etc. In India there is a lot of enthusiasm these days
about water conservation, rainwater harvesting, construction of check dams,
etc. These artificial ponds can also be put to good use for the organic farming of fish, nurtured
on only organic food produced nearby.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CPUHkcH27uE/VglK-HiBajI/AAAAAAAAEIc/r630-U1P1dk/s1600/Poor1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-CPUHkcH27uE/VglK-HiBajI/AAAAAAAAEIc/r630-U1P1dk/s640/Poor1.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/help-poor-people-kindly-donate-useless-clotehes-him-syead-abbas">https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/help-poor-people-kindly-donate-useless-clotehes-him-syead-abbas</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">To conclude: You are what you eat. And
what you eat depends on what you are: If you are a person who cares for Mother
Earth, you would avoid eating certain foods to the extent your physical,
mental, and financial health permits you to (or you would eat the eco-costly foods
only sparingly and occasionally). You would keep in mind the climate-justice
aspect of eating. Are your eating habits contributing adversely to global
warming and climate change, thus adding to the miseries of countless poor and
undernourished children of Mother Earth (through an increase in the incidence
of famines and low rainfall etc.)? What kind of climate justice are you meting
out to those small island cities and countries which are going to get submerged
and thus obliterated from the face of the Earth if the sea levels rise too much
because of the excessive melting of the polar ice due to global warming?</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ryUICwVuJpM/VgosfWhKuiI/AAAAAAAAEJQ/4BKQUOcwMBk/s1600/Male-total.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ryUICwVuJpM/VgosfWhKuiI/AAAAAAAAEJQ/4BKQUOcwMBk/s640/Male-total.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male-total.jpg">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Male-total.jpg</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">As James Cameron <a href="http://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/live-earth-al-gore-morrissey-meat-and-dairy/">said</a>, ‘<i>You
can't really call yourself an environmentalist if you're still consuming
animals. You just can't</i>’. Al Gore, please note.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i3DRGjuelL8/VglGSkP62mI/AAAAAAAAEIE/ncehGGZhptc/s1600/fat.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-i3DRGjuelL8/VglGSkP62mI/AAAAAAAAEIE/ncehGGZhptc/s640/fat.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-63757332669478965962014-12-03T16:27:00.002+05:302015-06-28T17:39:15.199+05:30A SUGGESTION FOR ALL SCIENTIFICALLY MINDED INDIAN SCIENTISTS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">I am a staunch nationalist and would feel truly happy
and proud if the achievements of ancient Indians turn out to be even 20% of
what is being claimed these days by the enthusiasts. But there is no substitute
for truth, and our credibility as a nation rests on how close we can stay to
the truth in such matters.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">It appears to me that our achievements in science were
substantially more than what the history books have been saying. But our
approach should be to provide credible and verifiable evidence for our claims.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A danger to our credibility as a nation comes from
what I may call, for want of a better phrase, the ‘Deepak Chopra cultists’. To
the lay public such people appear to be well-informed about modern science. They
are the Indian version of the Creationists in the West. Some of them use the language
of quantum field theory and string theory etc., but a close scrutiny reveals
that they are ignorant even about elementary physics and chemistry. And they do
not have even a vague idea about the sanctity of the scientific method of
interpreting data and evidence. I give an example. That of water.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Scientists are well aware of the challenges posed by
the physics and chemistry of water. Even a nonergodic energy landscape in phase
space has been invoked to address certain observations. There is informed debate among experts. Cutting-edge science often involves different (even conflicting) explanations and theories, and consensus emerges in due course. Unfortunately,
cutting-edge science problems (be it water, or string theory, or the nature of intelligence) are the
ideal hunting ground for pseudo-scientists and charlatans. They quote only the theories that suit their ideologies. So the ‘mystical’
properties of water are already on the net, and in print. But sometimes there
is a give-away statement which exposes the level of ignorance of the person
using the sophisticated-looking jargon of science. For example, recently somebody said something to the effect
that ‘water is special (read mystical); '<a href="https://www.facebook.com/TheResonanceProject/photos/a.224460250920411.60587.216281778404925/874198225946607/?type=1&fref=nf&pnref=story">it is the only element (sic) which expands when cooled and contracts when heated . . .</a>’. This is travesty of truth. The fact is that liquid water contracts when cooled and expands when heated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A9Js4YE7SYY/VH7sSgkLxHI/AAAAAAAAD9I/_dj-0AdL-8E/s1600/icecrystruct.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="507" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-A9Js4YE7SYY/VH7sSgkLxHI/AAAAAAAAD9I/_dj-0AdL-8E/s1600/icecrystruct.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts/Simon_Fraser_Chem1%3A_Lower/06._States_of_Matter/Hydrogen-Bonding_and_Water">http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts/Simon_Fraser_Chem1%3A_Lower/06._States_of_Matter/Hydrogen-Bonding_and_Water</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">In a crystal of ice the water molecules have
tetrahedral bonding, which is far from being a close-packed structure. So when
you take ice at 0<sup>o</sup>C and heat it, the tetrahedral bonding is broken
and water acquires a more closely packed structure on entering the liquid state. Thus ice at 0 degree is lighter than liquid water at 0 degree; that is why ice floats on liquid water. It is only for a small range of temperatures that ‘water contracts on heating’. Outside that
range, liquid water expands on heating and contracts on cooling, and any
high-school student of science knows that. Nothing profound or mystical there.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">All over the world there are two types of scientists: scientifically minded or true-blood scientists; and the rest. All true-blood scientists of India can play an
important role here. In your area of specialization, please debunk unsound
claims, the way I have done above for the water example. If a large number of
us do this consistently and repeatedly, there is bound to be a palpable effect
when it comes to countering the pseudo-scientific or unscientific statements
and claims. That would a great service to humanity.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">For another similar example of what I have done today on
my Facebook page, please visit <a href="https://www.facebook.com/vinod.wadhawan">https://www.facebook.com/vinod.wadhawan</a>.
It is about the old hat called SOC (self-organized criticality). The mystics and the idealists
are interpreting the reported correlated behaviour of insects in swarms as something
indicating ‘quantum consciousness’ or some such stuff.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-35050834582036449852014-11-03T17:10:00.001+05:302017-04-14T16:43:05.574+05:30Complexity Science and My Worldview<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;}
</style>
<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">We humans have a strong sense
of self-awareness and we seek answers to questions like why the universe is
what it is, why the laws of Nature are what they are, who created the universe,
who created life, . . . etc. In this partly autobiographical article I describe
how the science of complexity has given me the answers to such questions and
moulded my worldview.</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rY9CKwZRUVw/VFdjlOxt0QI/AAAAAAAAD60/v0guTQ-tcYE/s1600/CS1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rY9CKwZRUVw/VFdjlOxt0QI/AAAAAAAAD60/v0guTQ-tcYE/s1600/CS1.png" width="585" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.sandia.gov/casosengineering/complexity_primer.html"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://www.sandia.gov/casosengineering/complexity_primer.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The God
Question</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Many of us take it for granted
that for every effect there must be a cause, and that <i>that</i> cause is the
effect of a previous cause, and so on: Cause – effect – cause – effect - . . .
. Is there (and can there be) an ultimate cause, the cause of all the ensuing
effects? Many people are of the belief that ‘God’ is that ultimate and final
cause, the ‘uncaused cause’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But how can there be an
uncaused cause? If you truly believe that God must be there because for every
effect there must be a cause, then God also must be the effect of some still
higher-level cause, and so on, <i>ad infinitum</i>. So, postulating the
existence of God does not really help; it just pushes the ultimate question to
‘Who created God?’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Suppose you say that one must
stop somewhere in the reverse chain effect-cause-effect-cause-effect-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. . . and then say finally that ‘I do not know who created God’. If you
are willing to say that, then God becomes an unnecessary and therefore superfluous hypothesis: You may as well say that we do not know how the
universe came into existence, why is there anything at all, why are the laws of
Nature what they are, etc. In fact it turns out that modern science
(particularly its somewhat new branch called ‘complexity science’) does have quite
credible answers to these questions now.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There has been a raging (even
violent) debate on such issues among human beings. There are three types of
people:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(1) Those who believe that there
is a God (or many gods), and certain questions must not even be asked about
God.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(2) Then there are those who
take the stand that <a href="http://www.amazon.in/God-Failed-Hypothesis-Science-Shows/dp/1591026520">God is an unnecessary (and ‘failed’) hypothesis</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, and we should simply admit
that there are some questions we cannot answer very well at present. I
subscribe to this viewpoint, and therefore call myself an atheist.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(3) There is also a third group
of people who are willing and able to be logical all the way, <i>except that
their belief in the existence of God or ‘some higher power’ must not be
questioned</i>! This, I think, is the result of childhood conditioning. Unlike me, there are not many people who are able to shake off what their early upbringing has done to them and strike out on their own.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Needless to say, it would be
highly desirable to find a convergence ground for all these groups. I think the
most pertinent and helpful question we should be asking in this context is: Is
it always the case that if there is a design (or order) somewhere or anywhere,
there must be a Designer or a designer; or is it that order and design can emerge
even when there is no designer involved?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I wrote a series of 127 blog
posts under the label ‘<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/search/label/Understanding%20Natural%20Phenomena">Understanding Natural Phenomena</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">’ to explain how order can
emerge and evolve even when there is no designer present. I give an easily
comprehensible example here to illustrate this point.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Diamonds, as also silicon chips
(used in integrated circuits (ICs)), are examples of crystals. Crystals differ
from, say, glass in that in crystals the atoms or molecules are arranged in a
highly ordered manner on a regular lattice. Is there a Designer involved here
for creating this remarkably high degree of order? Certainly not. Who put the
atoms or molecules on a regular lattice? Nobody. Small crystals of, say, common
salt (NaCl) can grow spontaneously very easily. Here is how:</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Take some water in a container
and add a little bit of common salt to it. It may need some stirring to
dissolve the salt. Add more salt and stir again. It dissolves. Go on adding
salt in small amounts and stir the solution every time for dissolving the salt.
There will come a stage when, no matter how much stirring you do, some salt is
always left undissolved at the bottom of the container. Decant the clear
solution into another container and let it just lie in a cool corner somewhere.
When sufficient time has passed, you will see beautiful, cube-shaped, crystals
of NaCl in the container. This well-defined shape is because of the underlying
regular arrangement of the ions of Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> in the
crystals.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ve0n-OR7OF4/VFdkSNaY1ZI/AAAAAAAAD68/rLPA8wnGOb0/s1600/NaCl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="383" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Ve0n-OR7OF4/VFdkSNaY1ZI/AAAAAAAAD68/rLPA8wnGOb0/s1600/NaCl.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.geocities.jp/ohba_lab_ob_page/structure6.html"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">http://www.geocities.jp/ohba_lab_ob_page/structure6.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Which designer is responsible
for this design and order? Not any that I know off!</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What I find amazing is that
most people do not find this occurrence as something extraordinary or
‘miraculous’. There is the emergence of a highly ordered and extremely
well-designed array of an enormous number of ions or atoms, and most people do
not think much about it. And yet these same people <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">believe that since</span> the ‘creation’ and
existence of life <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i</span>s something which <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">can</span>not emerge ‘just like that’, there
must be a designer or Designer (God) <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">behind this</span>. The fact is that both a crystal and a
living being have a high degree of order and design, and they differ only in
the ‘degree of complexity’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘Degree of complexity’ is a
technical term in complexity science. A very good description of it was given
by <a href="http://www.amazon.in/The-Quark-Jaguar-Adventures-Complex/dp/0805072535">Murray Gell-Mann</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">At a personal level, as I went
deeper and deeper into what constitutes the essence of complexity science and
what ‘degree of complexity’ really means (I have given a detailed answer in the
127 blog posts I mentioned above), my worldview and life philosophy underwent a
change. It was a gratifying experience because, like everybody else, I also
wanted answers to the usual fundamental questions we all ask about ourselves
and about our universe. Complexity science provides the best such answers we have
at present.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Why is it that I find it easy
to accept what complexity science says, and many other people do not? It is
because I have made a lot of effort to understand the finer points of
complexity science. It is also because I have imbibed, at an early age, the
spirit of the all-important ‘scientific method’ of interpreting information or
data.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Scientific
Method</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">‘The scientific method’ is a
technical term which needs to be understood by everybody, although that is far
from the case at present. I have explained <b>the 8-old way</b> of the
scientific method in a blog post <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/05/science-scientists-and-scientific.html">Science, Scientists, and Scientific Temper in Society</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">, but I shall repeat <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">some</span> of the
description here for completeness. This method is actually a very potent tool,
not only for investigating natural phenomena, but also for solving or
preventing a number of social maladies afflicting society all over the world.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the Wikipedia the scientific
method is described as follows: 'The scientific method is a body of techniques
for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and
integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry
must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific
principles of reasoning. The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> defines the
scientific method as: "a method or procedure that has characterized
natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation,
measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of
hypotheses"'.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The basic scientific
approach is as follows. Suppose there is a set of observations about a natural
phenomenon which we wish to explain. The scientific method <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">for</span> doing this is the
following 8<i>-fold way</i>:</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1. A <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">minimum necessary se<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t of a</span></span>xioms</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. There is an agreed, minimum necessary, set of axioms,
which are taken as givens (their validity is either a matter of assumption, or
has been established already). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. Logic</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. There is an agreed set of rules
for logical reasoning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3. Hypothesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. The logical rules for reasoning,
as well as the axioms, are used along with a hypothesis (or model) for
describing and interpreting the observations we humans have made about the
natural phenomenon under investigation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>It
is not important how the hypothesis is arrived at<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, because it is always going to be tested th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">orou<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ghly</span> and repeatedly</span></span></span></i>. And there can even be more
than one competing hypotheses for explaining the same set of observations or
material evidence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4. Agreed
meaning of each word</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Every word
used for making any statement in science should have the same agreed meaning for
everybody. This requirement becomes particularly important when concepts like
'consciousness' are discussed <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">or</span> investigated.<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> In the scientific method, a trick often employed wittingly or unwitt<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ing<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ly i<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s to define concepts <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">in terms of things that are observable or, better still, measurab<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">le.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5. Reproducible
verification by objective observation</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. A hypothesis
must be able to explain the observations in a logically consistent way, and it
must successfully stand the test of <i>repeated</i> experimental verification.
If its success is only partial, we try to modify and improve it, and then check
against the observations again. That is how we arrive at the best, i.e. the
most successful, hypothesis at a given point of time in our history.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">6. Predictive
capability of the hypothesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. A validated hypothesis is an example of 'induction'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, i.<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e. </span>inference of a general or universal statement from <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a number of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">singular or individual observations. </span></span></span>Our
confidence in its validity grows if it not only explains what is
already observed, but also enables us to 'deduce' correctly <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">some</span>
predictions about what more can be expected to be observed about the natural
phenomenon under investigation. Thu<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s both <i>induction</i> and <i>deduction</i> are parts of the scientific method.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">7. Elevation of a hypothesis to
the status of a theory</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. A hypothesis (or a set of hypotheses) that has repeatedly stood the
test of experiment, and that can successfully predict and explain a whole range of
experimental observations, gradually acquires the status of a theory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8. The falsifiability
requirement.</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> During the
entire process of: (i) statement of the research problem, (ii) use of logical
reasoning, and (iii) drawing of conclusions from the data and the reasoning, the
most important constraint put in by the scientific method is that only <i>falsifiable</i>
statements can be made. The term 'falsifiable statement' was introduced by Karl
Popper (2005). I explain its meaning with the help of an example.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Consider the
following statement S1 (Wudka 1998):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">S1: 'The moon
is populated by little green men who can read our minds and will hide whenever
anyone on Earth looks for them, and will flee into deep space whenever a
spacecraft comes near '. This statement is so worded that no one can ever
observe the postulated green men and prove the statement to be false, so the
statement is <i>unfalsifiable </i>(and therefore not permitted in scientific discourse).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Next, consider
the following statement:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">S2: 'There are
no little green men on the moon '. This is a falsifiable statement. All you
have to do to prove it false is to show material evidence for the existence of even
one green man. Berry (2010) attributes the following famous statement to
Einstein: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>'Many experiments may prove me
right, but it takes only one to prove me wrong'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Only
falsifiable statements are permitted in the scientific method. Therefore S1 is
an unscientific statement or theory, and S2 is a scientific statement or
theory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In work
beginning in the 1930s, Popper gave falsifiability a renewed emphasis as a
criterion for acceptable statements in science. He also pointed out that not all
unfalsifiable claims are fallacious; they are just unfalsifiable. As long
as proper skepticism is retained and proper evidence is given, even an
unfalsifiable claim can be a legitimate form of reasoning (but not of what
<i>finally</i> becomes a part of science). We should never assume that we <i>must</i>
be right simply because we cannot be proved wrong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Why <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">did Popper emphasize the falsifiability requirement. It was an effort to tackle what he called '<i>the problem of induction</i>'. As stated above, the process of doing science involves generalization from individual observations, and this is always fr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">aught with <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">uncertainty</span>.
How many observations or measurements should we make so as to be able
to generalize correctly? All we can say is: the larger the number, the
better. But there is always the possibility that the next observation
(which we did not make) </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">may</span> go against the generalization. So we can only have low or high probab<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ilities, but not certainties, in the induction process. The la<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rger the number of observations which a<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">gree with the g<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">eneraliza<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tion, the more li<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">kely it is that the generalization is valid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Similarly, the greater the variety of conditions in wh<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ich the observations and measurements are made<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, the <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">greater the probability that the inductive generalization is true. The<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> question arises: Which variations in the conditions of observation<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> and measurement </span>are considered significant and relevant, and which ones are not. Thi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s is decided by the theory we believe in for the domain of investigation. If the theory <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is wrong, we are <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">likely to be led astray, till </span></span></span>somebody comes up wit<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">h a better </span>theory.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Thus, because of 'th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e problem of induction', </span>strong likel<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i</span>hood, rather than complete cer<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tainty, is what the inferred laws of science are all about. Popper emphasized t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he falsifiability re<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">quirement in an effor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t to minimize the ch<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ances of inducti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">vism</span> going wrong. At the centre <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">of the scientific method is </span>the act of making statements based on e<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">xisting theories. By restricting ourselves strictly to making only falsif<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">iable statem<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ents, we are ensuring that <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">even a single</span> observation or measurement<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span></span></span>that disagrees with the pre-supposed hypothesis or the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ory is enough to dismis<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s the generalizati<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">on, namely th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e theory<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">,</span></span> we inferred by <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the</span> process of induction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Notice the intellectual humility of the true scientist. The scientific
spirit implies an ever-present willingness to give up even our pet theories and
opinions if the evidence demands so. Contrast this with what is said in most of
the organized religions. In them, certain statements cannot be questioned, and
there are many statements or beliefs in them which are unfalsifiable.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Votaries of faith may be quick to point out that the axioms mentioned in
the 8-fold way above are also a matter of faith. No, they are not. To
understand why, let us consider the example of quantum theory.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">All natural phenomena are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Why
the laws of Nature are what they are is something I have discussed <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/19-why-are-laws-of-nature-what-they-are.html.">elsewhere</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Another article of mine on <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/20-anthropic-principle.html">the anthropic principle</a> is also relevant in
this context. The laws of quantum mechanics are highly counter-intuitive for us humans.
The quantum theory is based on certain assumed axioms, like any theory is. But
the most important thing here is that <i>the quantum theory is the most
repeatedly and the most thoroughly tested theory ever</i>. It is the best
theory we have at present for understanding the world around us. If anybody
does not agree, he/she is most welcome to come up with another theory, with its
own set of axioms and logical structure. If the new theory is better supported
by experimental evidence than the present quantum theory, science and
scientists will have no compunctions whatsoever in abandoning the existing
theory, and accepting the new one. This is not faith and reverence; it is, in
fact, the negation of all that.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My Evolution
as a Humanist Atheist</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I was born into a Hindu family
in the western part of the Punjab district of Undivided India, and was about
two years old at the time of the Partition of the country into India and
Pakistan in 1947. My parents opted for Indian citizenship, and we had therefore
to migrate (rather <i>flee</i> for dear life!) to the new, truncated India. The
Government of India had hurriedly set up many ‘refugee colonies’ (in Delhi and
elsewhere) to house families such as ours. We occupied a house in such a colony
in West Delhi. These houses were constructed in such a tearing hurry (and low
cost) that walls were raised using bricks made of <i>unbaked</i> mud, put
together with, what else, more mud. Not much cement was used. No RCC. And also no
water connection, no electricity, no sewage pipes.</span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The school I went to (all the way
up to higher secondary) was also set up very recently by the Government, and mine
was the first batch of students. So, as I went up the education ladder, new
classes were started by the school for my batch each year. Mine was thus the
first batch of students to pass the Board of Higher Secondary Education
examination. The medium of instruction was Hindi.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My mother, a homemaker, was an
extremely religious and superstitious person. My father also was very religious
and superstitious. We had lost our house and all other wealth and belongings
when we fled from Pakistan, so my father had to start from scratch, all over
again. We were not exactly a poor family, but we were lower middle class. My
father did his best to make both ends meet. And he did not hesitate even to take
loans to ensure that all his children had college education.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As I said, mine was a highly
religious Hindu family, so I was a religious person to start with. I was a
voracious reader of short stories of all kinds, including the mythological
stories in Hindu texts.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">By
the time I finished school and entered college, my life philosophy began to
change. Nehru and Bertrand Russell were the early influences on me as I started
questioning the basic things taken for granted in Hinduism. I became an atheist
gradually.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bertrand
Russell was a mathematician and a writer, among other things. I noticed that
his prose had strict logic and mathematical precision. This I tried to emulate
in my writing and speech. The tendency to ensure that my language must convey
exactly what I want to say, without any shoddiness on logic, has stood me in
good stead.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Abandoning
the God concept was fine, but what about the vacuum left behind? I still needed
to get answers to the great fundamental questions everybody asks. My flair for
writing resulted in the publication of my first book (on <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Introduction-Ferroic-Materials-Vinod-Wadhawan/dp/9056992864">ferroic materials</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">) in
the year 2000. This happens to be the first comprehensive book on the subject of ferroic materials. A particularly important feature of ferroic materials is that, because of their highly nonlinear response to one or more types of applied fields, it becomes possible to <i>field-tune</i> some of their properties. This makes them very attractive for use in smart structures. Therefore, from ferroic materials to smart structures was the obvious next step for me for pursuing my research work.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Published in 2007, my next book had the title ‘<a href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199229178.do#.UcRnsNhc3rM">Smart Structures: Blurring the Distinction between the Living and the Nonliving</a>’.
While researching for this book I was exposed to the absolutely fascinating
subject called complexity science, which has had a lasting influence on my
worldview.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I am
a condensed-matter physicist by original training. What a pity that whereas every
student of physics is routinely taught subjects like quantum mechanics and
thermodynamics, nobody has yet thought of teaching complexity science
routinely. I want people to pay attention to what Stephen Hawking has said: The
present century belongs to complexity science.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My
Experience with Hinduism</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My
parents reacted to my atheism with some concern, but they were not unduly alarmed.
There is something remarkably inclusive about Hindu philosophy. Unlike in Islam
and Christianity, there is no single holy book which is the gospel which cannot
be questioned or challenged. It is accepted in Hinduism that different people
have different needs, inclinations, and innate strengths and weaknesses. So a
variety of options are available for realizing God. There are at least four
spiritual paths for realizing God: Karma Yoga (Yoga means union with God),
Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, and Jnana Yoga. ‘Karma Yoga is suitable for a man of
active temperament, Bhakti Yoga for a man of devotional temperament, Raja Yoga
for a man of mystic temperament, and Jnana Yoga for a man of rational and
philosophical temperament, or a man of enquiry’ (Swami Sivananda (1947), ‘<i>All
About Hinduism</i>’).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Jnana Yoga (union with God through the knowledge route) is particularly interesting. It says that people can realize God
through the questioning method as well, i.e., even by denying the existence of God to start with.
Hindu philosophy is so confident of itself that there is no doubt that even a
doubter will ultimately realize God! So, in principle, a person can well be an
atheist and still be in the Hindu fold. ‘Hinduism does not condemn those who
deny God as the creator and ruler of the world, who do not accept the existence
of an eternal soul and the state of Moksha or state of liberation. Hinduism
does not render the upholders of such views unfit to be recognized as pious and
honourable members of the Hindu religious society’ (Swami Sivananda 1947). No wonder my
professed atheism has never created any social or family problems for me.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hindu
philosophy also asserts that all the great seers and prophets help lesser
beings in realizing God. Therefore there is no problem in viewing even Christ,
Mohammad, Nanak and Buddha as just that many additional prophets or seers who
helped people realize God. ‘Hinduism, unlike other religions, does not
dogmatically assert that the final emancipation is possible only through its
means and not through any other.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. . .
Hinduism allows absolute freedom to the rational mind of man’ (Swami Sivananda
1947). I think this is the strength of Hinduism which has made it an indestructible
religion. Many invaders brought their respective religions to India, but
Hinduism simply assimilated what it found worthwhile in those religions, and moved on.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This
same spirit of accommodation is visible in the Constitution adopted by India, a
Hindu-majority nation. But I now see a serious topical problem there. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Organized
religion seems at present to be the number one threat to world peace and to the
very existence of the human race. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gandhi
and Nehru did much we Indians can be grateful for, but they also screwed up a
few basic things. Under their pressure the adopted Constitution of India provided for
freedom of religion as a fundamental right. But a close look makes obvious a
clear logical inconsistency there. The Constitution says that Indian c</span>itizens
have the right to preach, practice and propagate any religion of their choice.
Suppose a religion says that its God is the only real God (and there are such
religions in India), and that it is a pious act to liquidate the followers of
any other God, or to induce or force such people to change their religion for their 'betterment'! How can the
practitioners of such a religion be legitimately given the fundamental right to ‘</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and
propagate religion’?</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Of
course, it was added in the Constitution as an afterthought that the above fundamental right is ‘subject
to public order, morality and health’. I think this is not enough. What is
needed is that when a person is, say, 18 years old, he must declare, under oath
of allegiance to the Constitution of India, that he does not accept any such
exhortation in his religion which holds the God of any other religion as
inferior to its own, or which says that its God is the only genuine God.</span> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">[If
the God concept is logically meaningful at all, and if there is only one such God
(!), how can Mr. A’s God be different from or superior to Mr. B’s God?]</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Such
is the inherently irrational nature of religion that I can be certain that my
suggestion will not be accepted any time soon!</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Complexity
Science</span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/COMPLEXITY-SCIENCE-Difficult-Questions-Ourselves/dp/3838377540/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1283308108&sr=8-1"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Complexity science</span></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> is about complex systems. A complex system is
a highly nonlinear system, usually comprised of a large number of interacting
components, the interactions often leading to structures and properties which
cannot always be foreseen or predicted using the methods adopted in
conventional, reductionistic, science. Two apples plus two apples is not always
just four apples. New, unexpected, properties or phenomena can ‘<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/06/33-emergence.html">emerge</a>’. Life from nonliving origins
is one such example of emergence.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Complex systems are dynamical
systems. A dynamical system is one which changes or evolves with time. So,
evolution is a defining feature of any dynamical system. <span id="goog_850063553"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_850063552">Biological evolution</a></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span id="goog_850063554"></span> </span>is a subset of dynamical evolution.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Complex systems are usually
‘<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/12/6-how-can-order-emerge-out-of-disorder.html">open</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/12/6-how-can-order-emerge-out-of-disorder.html"> systems</a>', in the thermodynamic
sense. What this means is that they are able to exchange energy and/or matter
with the surroundings. This, when considered along with the second law of
thermodynamics for <i>open</i> systems, explains why order can emerge in a
complex system: Entropy <i>can</i> decrease locally, so long as there is an
overall lowering of the free energy.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Darwin and Wallace gave us the
insight about natural selection and the resultant biological evolution. This
must rank as perhaps the biggest game-changer idea to have occurred to any
human. The idea was used for explaining, among other things, the underlying
link among all life forms. Recently, Pope Francis made a valiant attempt to
come to terms with science when he said: ‘God is not... a magician, but the
Creator who brought everything to life. . . . Evolution in nature is not
inconsistent with the notion of creation, because evolution requires the
creation of beings that evolve’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This prompts me to point out
another aspect of evolution, namely nonbiological or <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/09/45-chemical-adaptation-and-chemical.html">chemical evolution</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. The Pope is accepting
biological evolution <i>after</i> life had been created by the Creator. Even
Darwin’s book did not deal with how life was created (or got created); it only
discussed what happened after life had emerged. The fact is that, as complexity
science tells us, biological evolution was preceded by chemical evolution.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chemical evolution is nothing
but dynamical evolution occurring in the domain of chemistry rather than
physics. It is about natural selection and survival of the fittest in the world
of chemical reactions, leading to the emergence of ever more sophisticated and
information-laden molecules. This is how DNA emerged, without the intervention
of any Designer.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ever since the Big Bang our
universe has been expanding and cooling. This means that gradients of various
types have been getting created all the time. And the second law of
thermodynamics says that phenomena occur so that some gradient or another may
get annulled. <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/18-we-are-star-stuff.html">This is how atoms emerged</a>.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Our Earth condensed out of
interstellar dust and gas ~4.6 billion years ago, and life emerged ~4 billion
years ago. The 0.6 billion years before the appearance of life were the years
of chemical evolution on Earth, leading to the gradual appearance of life as an
<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/06/33-emergence.html">emergent phenomenon</a>. Lightning and UV rays from
the Sun broke up the simple hydrogen-rich molecules and the fragments combined
into increasingly complex molecules. These dissolved in the oceans and moved
around, interacting in various ways. Given enough time even a rare event may
occur. One such event was the chance emergence of a molecule that could use the
smaller molecules floating around in the organic soup to make <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/09/46-emergence-of-autocatalytic-sets-of.html">crude copies of itself</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. This was the ancestor of DNA,
and the rest is <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/11/55-dysons-proteins-first-model-for.html">history</a>. The important message here is that with reproduction,
mutation, and selective elimination of lest efficient types of molecules,
(chemical) evolution was occurring all the time, and is still occurring in the
oceans and perhaps elsewhere. This was the mechanism for <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/11/53-how-life-emerged-out-of-nonlife.html">the emergence of life from nonlife</a>. No miracles there. No Creator
needed.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">With the further passage of
time, molecules with specialized functions got together, resulting in the
emergence of <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/10/51-biological-symbiosis-and-evolution_27.html">the first biological cell</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. The coming together of
single-celled organisms into multi-cellular conglomerates was the next big
development, culminating ultimately in the emergence of humans.</span>
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I came across an internet meme
recently, which said something to the effect that <span class="5yl5">atheism is
the belief that ‘there was nothing and nothing happened to nothing and then
nothing magically exploded for no reason, creating everything, and then a bunch
of everything magically rearranged itself into self-replicating bits which then
turned into dinosaurs. Makes perfect sense . . . matter of faith . . . </span>’.</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">No. Such a definition of
atheism is from a person who has a vested interest in ridiculing and demeaning
atheism. As I said before, an atheist is one who says that t<span class="uficommentbody">he God hypothesis is unnecessary and therefore
superfluous, because it explains nothing and simply shifts the fundamental
question to a different fundamental question. The God hypothesis stems from the
causality argument: There must a cause for every effect, so there must be a
cause (God) for the existence of the universe. But by this logic there must
also be a cause for God. The people who oppose atheism say that God is an
uncaused God. But if they are willing to accept that, they may as well accept
that the universe is an uncaused cause.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VgjA0cdjDVQ/VFd_FhiKZnI/AAAAAAAAD7U/6iKEsCx5TmE/s1600/Panth2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VgjA0cdjDVQ/VFd_FhiKZnI/AAAAAAAAD7U/6iKEsCx5TmE/s1600/Panth2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="uficommentbody"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="uficommentbody"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="uficommentbody"></span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Pantheism/photos/pb.89590536080.-2207520000.1415019804./10152828902041081/?type=3&theater">https://www.facebook.com/Pantheism/photos/pb.89590536080.-2207520000.1415019804./10152828902041081/?type=3&theater</a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span class="uficommentbody"> </span></span></div>
<span class="uficommentbody"><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">That reminds me of a sensible variant
of atheism, namely scientific pantheism. The best known votary of pantheism was Einstein.
And as Richard Dawkins has explained (in the book ‘The God Delusion’),
pantheism is nothing but ‘sexed-up atheism’. The pantheism philosophy says that Nature is all we have. We do not know why it is there, or how it came to be there, but it is something tangible and tenable (unlike the God concept), and it is a jolly good idea to respect it, cherish it, love it, and, of course, try to understand its secrets and laws by the scientific method. This is how a votary of pantheism
has expressed his sentiments: ‘</span></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">We are part of nature. Nature
made us and at our death we will be reabsorbed into nature. We are at home in
nature and in our bodies. This is where we belong. <span class="textexposedshow">This
is the only place where we can find and make our paradise, not in some
imaginary world on the other side of the grave. If nature is the only paradise,
then separation from nature is the only hell. When we destroy nature, we create
hell on earth for other species and for ourselves. . . .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Nature is our mother, our home, our
security, our peace, our past and our future. We should treat natural things
and habitats as believers treat their temples and shrines, as sacred - to be
revered and preserved in all their intricate and fragile beauty’ (Paul
Harrison: Revering the Universe. Caring for Nature. Celebrating Life).</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-135Wi_veHQA/VFd-j2lrJYI/AAAAAAAAD7M/JEzEf3t1ABM/s1600/Panth1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-135Wi_veHQA/VFd-j2lrJYI/AAAAAAAAD7M/JEzEf3t1ABM/s1600/Panth1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span><br />
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/Pantheism/photos/pb.89590536080.-2207520000.1415019804./10152834962156081/?type=3&theater">https://www.facebook.com/Pantheism/photos/pb.89590536080.-2207520000.1415019804./10152834962156081/?type=3&theate</a></span></span></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">To conclude, complexity science
has taught me that there can be art without an artist, order without anybody
trying to create order, and life without the intervention of a Life Giver. And
modern quantum field theory has a credible answer to the question: How could
our universe have arisen out of nothing? (cf. Lawrence Krauss (2012): ‘<a href="http://www.amazon.com/Universe-Nothing-There-Something-Rather/dp/1451624468">A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing</a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">’).</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-79055703065178239182014-10-22T15:19:00.002+05:302016-08-27T10:56:26.342+05:30On Creativity: How do People Get New Ideas?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/531911/isaac-asimov-mulls-how-do-people-get-new-ideas/"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A1959 essay by Isaac Asimov</span></a>
</div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.technologyreview.com/view/531911/isaac-asimov-mulls-how-do-people-get-new-ideas/">http://www.technologyreview.com/view/531911/isaac-asimov-mulls-how-do-people-get-new-ideas/</a></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Presumably, the process of creativity, whatever it is, is
essentially the same in all its branches and varieties, so that the evolution
of a new art form, a new gadget, a new scientific principle, all involve common
factors. We are most interested in the “creation” of a new scientific principle
or a new application of an old one, but we can be general here.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JM1f2Rlxoy0/VEd7-rsiIcI/AAAAAAAAD6Y/OlEMjulBGuc/s1600/Asimov2.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="407" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-JM1f2Rlxoy0/VEd7-rsiIcI/AAAAAAAAD6Y/OlEMjulBGuc/s1600/Asimov2.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://atheistuniverse.net/photo/isaac-asimov">http://atheistuniverse.net/photo/isaac-asimov</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One way of investigating the problem is to consider the
great ideas of the past and see just how they were generated. Unfortunately,
the method of generation is never clear even to the “generators” themselves.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But what if the same earth-shaking idea occurred to two
men, simultaneously and independently? Perhaps, the common factors involved
would be illuminating. Consider the theory of evolution by natural selection,
independently created by Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is a great deal in common there. Both traveled to
far places, observing strange species of plants and animals and the manner in
which they varied from place to place. Both were keenly interested in finding
an explanation for this, and both failed until each happened to read Malthus’s
“Essay on Population.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Both then saw how the notion of overpopulation and
weeding out (which Malthus had applied to human beings) would fit into the
doctrine of evolution by natural selection (if applied to species generally).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Obviously, then, what is needed is not only people with a
good background in a particular field, but also people capable of making a
connection between item 1 and item 2 which might not ordinarily seem connected.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Undoubtedly in the first half of the 19th century, a
great many naturalists had studied the manner in which species were
differentiated among themselves. A great many people had read Malthus. Perhaps
some both studied species and read Malthus. But what you needed was someone who
studied species, read Malthus, and had the ability to make a cross-connection.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">That is the crucial point that is the rare characteristic
that must be found. Once the cross-connection is made, it becomes obvious.
Thomas H. Huxley is supposed to have exclaimed after reading <i>On the Origin
of Species</i>, “How stupid of me not to have thought of this.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But why didn’t he think of it? The history of human
thought would make it seem that there is difficulty in thinking of an idea even
when all the facts are on the table. Making the cross-connection requires a certain
daring. It must, for any cross-connection that does not require daring is
performed at once by many and develops not as a “new idea,” but as a mere
“corollary of an old idea.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It is only afterward that a new idea seems reasonable. To
begin with, it usually seems unreasonable. It seems the height of unreason to
suppose the earth was round instead of flat, or that it moved instead of the
sun, or that objects required a force to stop them when in motion, instead of a
force to keep them moving, and so on.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A person willing to fly in the face of reason, authority,
and common sense must be a person of considerable self-assurance. Since he
occurs only rarely, he must seem eccentric (in at least that respect) to the
rest of us. A person eccentric in one respect is often eccentric in others.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Consequently, the person who is most likely to get new
ideas is a person of good background in the field of interest and one who is
unconventional in his habits. (To be a crackpot is not, however, enough in
itself.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Once you have the people you want, the next question is:
Do you want to bring them together so that they may discuss the problem
mutually, or should you inform each of the problem and allow them to work in
isolation?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">My feeling is that as far as creativity is concerned,
isolation is required. The creative person is, in any case, continually working
at it. His mind is shuffling his information at all times, even when he is not
conscious of it. (The famous example of Kekule working out the structure of
benzene in his sleep is well-known.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The presence of others can only inhibit this process,
since creation is embarrassing. For every new good idea you have, there are a
hundred, ten thousand foolish ones, which you naturally do not care to display.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nevertheless, a meeting of such people may be desirable
for reasons other than the act of creation itself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">No two people exactly duplicate each other’s mental
stores of items. One person may know A and not B, another may know B and not A,
and either knowing A and B, both may get the idea—though not necessarily at
once or even soon.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Furthermore, the information may not only be of
individual items A and B, but even of combinations such as A-B, which in
themselves are not significant. However, if one person mentions the unusual combination
of A-B and another unusual combination A-C, it may well be that the combination
A-B-C, which neither has thought of separately, may yield an answer.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It seems to me then that the purpose of cerebration
sessions is not to think up new ideas but to educate the participants in facts
and fact-combinations, in theories and vagrant thoughts.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But how to persuade creative people to do so? First and
foremost, there must be ease, relaxation, and a general sense of
permissiveness. The world in general disapproves of creativity, and to be
creative in public is particularly bad. Even to speculate in public is rather
worrisome. The individuals must, therefore, have the feeling that the others
won’t object.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">If a single individual present is unsympathetic to the
foolishness that would be bound to go on at such a session, the others would
freeze. The unsympathetic individual may be a gold mine of information, but the
harm he does will more than compensate for that. It seems necessary to me,
then, that all people at a session be willing to sound foolish and listen to
others sound foolish.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">If a single individual present has a much greater
reputation than the others, or is more articulate, or has a distinctly more
commanding personality, he may well take over the conference and reduce the
rest to little more than passive obedience. The individual may himself be
extremely useful, but he might as well be put to work solo, for he is
neutralizing the rest.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The optimum number of the group would probably not be
very high. I should guess that no more than five would be wanted. A larger
group might have a larger total supply of information, but there would be the
tension of waiting to speak, which can be very frustrating. It would probably
be better to have a number of sessions at which the people attending would
vary, rather than one session including them all. (This would involve a certain
repetition, but even repetition is not in itself undesirable. It is not what
people say at these conferences, but what they inspire in each other later on.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">For best purposes, there should be a feeling of
informality. Joviality, the use of first names, joking, relaxed kidding are, I
think, of the essence—not in themselves, but because they encourage a
willingness to be involved in the folly of creativeness. For this purpose I
think a meeting in someone’s home or over a dinner table at some restaurant is
perhaps more useful than one in a conference room.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Probably more inhibiting than anything else is a feeling
of responsibility. The great ideas of the ages have come from people who
weren’t paid to have great ideas, but were paid to be teachers or patent clerks
or petty officials, or were not paid at all. The great ideas came as side
issues.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">To feel guilty because one has not earned one’s salary
because one has not had a great idea is the surest way, it seems to me, of
making it certain that no great idea will come in the next time either.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Yet your company is conducting this cerebration program
on government money. To think of congressmen or the general public hearing
about scientists fooling around, boondoggling, telling dirty jokes, perhaps, at
government expense, is to break into a cold sweat. In fact, the average
scientist has enough public conscience not to want to feel he is doing this
even if no one finds out.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I would suggest that members at a cerebration session be
given sinecure tasks to do—short reports to write, or summaries of their
conclusions, or brief answers to suggested problems—and be paid for that; the
payment being the fee that would ordinarily be paid for the cerebration
session. The cerebration session would then be officially unpaid-for and that,
too, would allow considerable relaxation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I do not think that cerebration sessions can be left
unguided. There must be someone in charge who plays a role equivalent to that
of a psychoanalyst. A psychoanalyst, as I understand it, by asking the right
questions (and except for that interfering as little as possible), gets the
patient himself to discuss his past life in such a way as to elicit new
understanding of it in his own eyes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the same way, a session-arbiter will have to sit
there, stirring up the animals, asking the shrewd question, making the
necessary comment, bringing them gently back to the point. Since the arbiter
will not know which question is shrewd, which comment necessary, and what the
point is, his will not be an easy job.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As for “gadgets” designed to elicit creativity, I think
these should arise out of the bull sessions themselves. If thoroughly relaxed,
free of responsibility, discussing something of interest, and being by nature
unconventional, the participants themselves will create devices to stimulate
discussion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-9960186321008100902014-07-25T17:18:00.001+05:302015-06-28T17:40:22.743+05:30Richard Feynman on Scientific Integrity<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">'During the Middle Ages there were all kinds of
crazy ideas, such as that a piece of rhinoceros horn would increase potency. Then
a method was discovered for separating the ideas - which was to try one to see
if it worked, and if it didn't work, to eliminate it. This method became
organized, of course, into science. And it developed very well, so that we are
now in the scientific age. It is such a scientific age, in fact, that we have
difficulty in understanding how witch doctors could ever have existed, when
nothing that they proposed ever really worked - or very little of it did.</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">But even today I meet lots of people who sooner or later
get me into a conversation about UFO's, or astrology, or some form of
mysticism, expanded consciousness, new types of awareness, ESP, and so forth.
And I've concluded that it's not a scientific world. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XTgM5hKOwJc/U9JDNhLNpqI/AAAAAAAADq0/lgaEtDFlreI/s1600/Feyn1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-XTgM5hKOwJc/U9JDNhLNpqI/AAAAAAAADq0/lgaEtDFlreI/s1600/Feyn1.jpeg" height="400" width="283" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://sound.photosynthesis.com/RICHARD_F.html">http://sound.photosynthesis.com/RICHARD_F.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Most people believe so many wonderful things that I
decided to investigate why they did. And what has been referred to as my
curiosity for investigation has landed me in a difficulty where I found so much
junk that I'm overwhelmed. First I started out by investigating various ideas
of mysticism and mystic experiences. I went into isolation tanks and got many
hours of hallucinations, so I know something about that. Then I went to Esalen,
which is a hotbed of this kind of thought (it's a wonderful place; you should
go visit there). Then I became overwhelmed. I didn't realize how MUCH there
was.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-no-proof: yes;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">I also looked into extrasensory perception, and PSI
phenomena, and the latest craze there was Uri Geller, a man who is supposed to
be able to bend keys by rubbing them with his finger. So I went to his hotel
room, on his invitation, to see a demonstration of both mind reading and
bending keys. He didn't do any mind reading that succeeded; nobody can read my
mind, I guess. And my boy held a key and Geller rubbed it, and nothing
happened. Then he told us it works better under water, and so you can picture
all of us standing in the bathroom with the water turned on and the key under
it, and him rubbing the key with his finger. Nothing happened. So I was unable to
investigate that phenomenon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">But then I began to think, what else is there that
we believe? (And I thought then about the witch doctors, and how easy it would
have been to check on them by noticing that nothing really worked.) So I found
things that even more people believe, such as that we have some knowledge of
how to educate. There are big schools of reading methods and mathematics
methods, and so forth, but if you notice, you'll see the reading scores keep
going down - or hardly going up - in spite of the fact that we continually use
these same people to improve the methods. There's a witch doctor remedy that
doesn't work. It ought to be looked into; how do they know that their method
should work? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Another example is how to treat criminals. We
obviously have made no progress - lots of theory, but no progress - in
decreasing the amount of crime by the method that we use to handle criminals. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Yet these things are said to be scientific. We
study them. And I think ordinary people with common sense ideas are intimidated
by this pseudo-science. A teacher who has some good idea of how to teach her
children to read is forced by the school system to do it some other way - or is
even fooled by the school system into thinking that her method is not
necessarily a good one. Or a parent of bad boys, after disciplining them in one
way or another, feels guilty for the rest of her life because she didn't do “the
right thing”', according to the experts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">So we really ought to look into theories that don't
work, and science that isn't science. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">I think the educational and psychological studies I
mentioned are examples of what I would like to call cargo cult science. In the
South Seas there is a cargo cult of people. During the war they saw airplanes
with lots of good materials, and they want the same thing to happen now. So
they've arranged to make things like runways, to put fires along the sides of
the runways, to make a wooden hut for a man to sit in, with two wooden pieces
on his head to headphones and bars of bamboo sticking out like antennas - he's
the controller - and they wait for the airplanes to land. They're doing
everything right. The form is perfect. It looks exactly the way it looked
before. But it doesn't work. No airplanes land. So I call these things <i>cargo
cult science</i>, because they follow all the apparent precepts and forms of
scientific investigation, but they're missing something essential, because the
planes don't land. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Now it behoves me, of course, to tell you what
they're missing. But it would be just about as difficult to explain to the
South Sea islanders how they have to arrange things so that they get some
wealth in their system. It is not something simple like telling them how to
improve the shapes of the earphones. But there is one feature I notice that is
generally missing in cargo cult science. That is the idea that we all hope you
have learned in studying science in school - we never say explicitly what this
is, but just hope that you catch on by all the examples of scientific
investigation. It is interesting, therefore, to bring it out now and speak of
it explicitly. It's a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific
thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty - a kind of leaning over
backwards. For example, if you're doing an experiment, you should report
everything that you think might make it invalid - not only what you think is
right about it: other causes that could possibly explain your results; and
things you thought of that you've eliminated by some other experiment, and how
they worked - to make sure the other fellow can tell they have been eliminated.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Details that could throw doubt on your
interpretation must be given, if you know them. You must do the best you can - if
you know anything at all wrong, or possibly wrong - to explain it. If you make
a theory, for example, and advertise it, or put it out, then you must also put
down all the facts that disagree with it, as well as those that agree with it.
There is also a more subtle problem. When you have put a lot of ideas together
to make an elaborate theory, you want to make sure, when explaining what it
fits, that those things it fits are not just the things that gave you the idea
for the theory; but that the finished theory makes something else come out
right, in addition. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">In summary, the idea is to give all of the
information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just
the information that leads to judgment in one particular direction or another. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">The easiest way to explain this idea is to contrast
it, for example, with advertising. Last night I heard that Wesson oil doesn't
soak through food. Well, that's true. It's not dishonest; but the thing I'm
talking about is not just a matter of not being dishonest; it's a matter of
scientific integrity, which is another level. The fact that should be added to
that advertising statement is that no oils soak through food, if operated at a
certain temperature. If operated at another temperature, they all will - including
Wesson oil. So it's the implication which has been conveyed, not the fact,
which is true, and the difference is what we have to deal with. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">We've learned from experience that the truth will
come out. Other experimenters will repeat your experiment and find out whether
you were wrong or right. Nature's phenomena will agree or they'll disagree with
your theory. And, although you may gain some temporary fame and excitement, you
will not gain a good reputation as a scientist if you haven't tried to be very
careful in this kind of work. And it's this type of integrity, this kind of
care not to fool yourself, that is missing to a large extent in much of the
research in “alternative science”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">I would like to add something that's not essential
to the science, but something I kind of believe, which is that you should not
fool the layman when you're talking as a scientist. I'm talking about a
specific, extra type of integrity that is not lying, but bending over backwards
to show how you're maybe wrong, that you ought to have when acting as a
scientist. And this is our responsibility as scientists, certainly to other
scientists, and I think to laymen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">For example, I was a little surprised when I was
talking to a friend who was going to go on the radio. He does work on cosmology
and astronomy, and he wondered how he would explain what the applications of
his work were. “Well,” I said, “there aren't any.” He said, “Yes”, but then we
won't get support for more research of this kind.” I think that's kind of
dishonest. If you're representing yourself as a scientist, then you should
explain to the layman what you're doing - and if they don't support you under
those circumstances, then that's their decision. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">One example of the principle is this: If you've
made up your mind to test a theory, or you want to explain some idea, you should
always decide to publish it whichever way it comes out. If we only publish
results of a certain kind, we can make the argument look good. We must publish
BOTH kinds of results. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">So I have just one wish for you - the good luck to
be somewhere where you are free to maintain the kind of integrity I have
described, and where you do not feel forced by a need to maintain your position
in the organization, or financial support, or so on, to lose your integrity.
May you have that freedom.'</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;">Acknowledgement:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Cargo Cult Science (excerpts)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult_science">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult_science</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://physics.ucr.edu/%7Ewudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node13.html">http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node13.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nlBplS8Lolg/U9JDshhR1EI/AAAAAAAADq8/TEhMspFEPTU/s1600/richard-feynman2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-nlBplS8Lolg/U9JDshhR1EI/AAAAAAAADq8/TEhMspFEPTU/s1600/richard-feynman2.jpg" height="299" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://thegeneralist.me/tag/richard-feynman/">http://thegeneralist.me/tag/richard-feynman/</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-18609513324451565682014-05-03T13:36:00.000+05:302018-04-03T22:27:13.060+05:30Science, Scientists, and Scientific Temper in Society<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The role professional scientists should play in countering the utterly harmful, unscientific trends in society is brought out in
this article. Some India-specific suggestions are also made for strengthening
the fight against superstition and excessive irrationality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Introduction</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It appears that
so far as the average professional scientist is concerned, there is not much
correlation between having had a career in science and the possession of
scientific temper by the scientist. There are many scientists, even good and
successful ones, who lack scientific temper when it comes to day-to-day actions
and thinking.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The public
expression or exhibition of lack of scientific temper by any eminent scientist
has a far more serious effect on society than that by other intellectuals.
Therefore the reasons behind this behaviour of many scientists need to be
investigated and discussed. This article does that by engaging such scientists at
their own turf. The situation in India is also discussed briefly, and some
proposals are made which can go a long way in promoting the cause of scientific
temper in our society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Scientific Method</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Science is
about investigating natural phenomena by following the so-called 'scientific
method'. In the Wikipedia this method is described as follows: 'The scientific
method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new
knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed
scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence
subject to specific principles of reasoning. The <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>
describes the scientific method as: "a method or procedure that has
characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic
observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and
modification of hypotheses"'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2sdDIOWKbxI/U2TKV1gN0WI/AAAAAAAADNA/wOyksuqQSeo/s1600/Cosmos2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2sdDIOWKbxI/U2TKV1gN0WI/AAAAAAAADNA/wOyksuqQSeo/s1600/Cosmos2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/08/cosmos-carl-sagan-seth-macfarlane-family-guy">http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/08/cosmos-carl-sagan-seth-macfarlane-family-guy</a></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The basic scientific
approach is as follows. Suppose there is a set of observations about a natural
phenomenon which we wish to explain. The scientific method <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">for</span> doing this is the
following 8<i>-fold way</i>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">1. A <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">minimum necessary se<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t of a</span></span>xioms</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. There is an agreed, minimum necessary, set of axioms,
which are taken as givens (their validity is either a matter of assumption, or
has been established already)<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">.</span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2. Logic</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. There is an agreed set of rules
for logical reasoning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">3. Hypothesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. The logical rules for reasoning,
as well as the axioms, are used along with a hypothesis (or model) for
describing and interpreting the observations we humans have made about the
natural phenomenon under investigation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>It
is not important how the hypothesis is arrived at<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, because it is always going to be tested th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">orou<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ghly</span> and repeatedly</span></span></span></i>. And there can even be more
than one competing hypotheses for explaining the same set of observations or
material evidence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">4. Agreed
meaning of each word</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Every word
used for making any statement in science should have the same agreed meaning for
everybody. This requirement becomes particularly important when concepts like
'consciousness' are discussed <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">or</span> investigated.<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> In the scientific method, a useful trick often employed wittingly or unwitt<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ing<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ly i<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s to define concepts <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">in terms of things that are observable or, better still, measurab<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">le.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">5. <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">V</span>erification by objective and reproducible observation</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. A hypothesis
must be able to explain the observations in a logically consistent way, and it
must successfully stand the test of <i>repeated</i> experimental verification.
If its success is only partial, we try to modify and improve it, and then check
against the observations again. That is how we arrive at the best, i.e. the
most successful, hypothesis at a given point of time in our history.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">6. Predictive
capability of the hypothesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. A validated hypothesis is an example of '<i>induction</i>'<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, i.<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e. </span>inference of a general or universal <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">conclusion</span> from <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">a number of <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">singular or individual observations. </span></span></span>Our confidence in its validity grows if it not only explains what is already observed, but also enables us to '<i>deduce</i>' correctly <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">some</span>
predictions about what more can be expected to be observed about the natural
phenomenon under investigation. Thu<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s both <i>induction</i> and <i>deduction</i> are parts of the scientific method.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">7. Elevation of a hypothesis to
the status of a theory</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. A hypothesis (or a (mutually consistent) set of hypotheses) that has repeatedly stood the
test of experiment, and that can successfully predict and explain a whole range of
experimental observations, gradually acquires the status of a theory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">8. The falsifiability
requirement.</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> During the
entire process of: (i) statement of the research problem, (ii) use of logical
reasoning, and (iii) drawing of conclusions from the data and the reasoning, the
most important constraint usually put in by the scientific method is that only <i>falsifiable</i>
statements can be made. The term 'falsifiable statement' was introduced by Karl
Popper (2005). I explain its meaning with the help of an example.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Consider the
following statement S1 (Wudka 1998):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">S1: 'The moon
is populated by little green men who can read our minds and will hide whenever
anyone on Earth looks for them, and will flee <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">sufficiently</span> quickly into deep space whenever a
spacecraft comes near '. This statement is so worded that no one can ever
observe the postulated green men and <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">demonstrate that</span> the statement is false<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">;</span> so the
statement is <i>unfalsifiable </i>(and therefore not permitted in scientific discourse).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Next, consider
the following statement:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">S2: 'There are
no little green men on the moon '. This is a falsifiable statement. All you
have to do to prove it false is to show material evidence for the existence of even
one green man. Berry (2010) attributes the following famous statement to
Einstein: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>'Many experiments may prove me
right, but it takes only one to prove me wrong'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Only
falsifiable statements are permitted in the scientific method. Therefore S1 is
an unscientific statement or theory, and S2 is a scientific statement or
theory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In work
beginning in the 1930s, Popper gave falsifiability a renewed emphasis as a
criterion for acceptable statements in science. He also pointed out that not all
unfalsifiable claims are fallacious; they are just unfalsifiable. As long
as proper skepticism is retained and proper evidence is given, even an
unfalsifiable claim can be a legitimate form of reasoning (but not of what
<i>finally</i> becomes a part of science). We should never assume that we <i>must</i>
be right simply because we cannot be proved wrong.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H2mLuzW7Qk4/U2cZ_HEMMEI/AAAAAAAADNk/rm2EccvVxrE/s1600/Pop1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-H2mLuzW7Qk4/U2cZ_HEMMEI/AAAAAAAADNk/rm2EccvVxrE/s1600/Pop1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.knowledgejump.com/knowledge/popper.html">http://www.knowledgejump.com/knowledge/popper.html</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Why <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">did Popper emphasize the falsifiability requirement. It was an effort to tackle what he called '<i>the problem of induction</i>'. As stated above, the process of doing science involves generalization from individual observations, and this is always fr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">aught with <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">uncertainty</span>. How many observations or measurements should we make so as to be able to generalize correctly? Generally, all we can say is: the larger the number, the better. But there is always the possibility that the next observation (which we did not make) </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">may</span> go against the generalization. So we can only have low or high <i>probab</i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><i>ilities</i>, but not certainties, in the induction process. The la<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">rger the number of observations which a<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">gree with the g<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">eneraliza<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tion, the more li<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">kely it is that the generalization is valid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Similarly, the greater the variety of conditions in wh<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ich the observations and measurements are made<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">, the <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">greater the probability that the inductive generalization is true. The<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> question arises: Which variations in the conditions of observation<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> and measurement </span>are considered significant and relevant, and which ones are not. Thi<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s is decided by the theory we believe in for the domain of investigation. If the theory <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">is wrong, we are <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">likely to be led astray, till </span></span></span>somebody comes up wit<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">h a better </span>theory.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">Thus, because of 'th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e problem of induction', </span>strong or weak likel<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">i</span>hood, rather than complete cer<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">tainty, is what the inferred laws of science are all about. Popper emphasized t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he falsifiability re<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">quirement in an effor<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">t to minimize the ch<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ances of inducti<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">vism</span> going wrong. At the centre <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">of the scientific method is </span>the act of making statements based on e<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">xisting theories. By restricting ourselves strictly to making only falsif<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">iable statem<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ents, we are ensuring that <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">even a single</span> observation or measurement<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span></span></span>that disagrees with the pre-supposed hypothesis or the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ory is enough to dismis<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">s the generalizati<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">on, namely th<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e theory<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">,</span></span> we inferred by <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">the</span> process of induction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><i>Notice the
intellectual humility of the scientist.</i> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">S</span>cientific spirit means an
ever-present willingness to give up even our pet theories and opinions if the
evidence demands so. Contrast this with what is said in most of the organized
religions. In them, certain statements cannot be questioned, and there are statements or beliefs in them which are unfalsifiable.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Votaries of
faith may be quick to point out that the choice <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">for </span>axioms, mentioned in the 8-fold way above, is also a matter of faith. No, it<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> is </span>not. To understand why, let us
consider the example of quantum theory.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">All natural phenomena
are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Why the laws of Nature are what
they are is something I have discussed elsewhere (Wadhawan 2012a). Another
article of mine on the anthropic principle is also relevant in this context
(Wadhawan 2012b). The laws of quantum mechanics are highly counter-intuitive
for us humans. The quantum theory is based on certain assumed axioms, like any
theory is. But the most important thing here is that <i>the quantum theory is the
most repeatedly and the most thoroughly tested theory ever</i>. It is the best
theory we have <i>at present</i> for understanding the world around us. If anybody
does not agree, he/she is most welcome to come up with another theory, with its
own set of axioms and logical structure. If the new
theory is better supported by experimental evidence than the present quantum
theory, science and scientists will have no compunctions whatsoever in
abandoning the existing theory, and accepting the new one. This is not faith
and reverence; it is, in fact, the negation of all that.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Nature of Reality</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Does the ongoing and cumulative activity of scientists lead to an
unraveling of reality? Before answering this question it is important to be clear
about the meaning of the word 'reality'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The term 'reality' used in the question above <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">normally</span> stands for 'absolute reality'. There
is <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">often</span> the assumption that all quest for truth really aims at unraveling
and understanding absolute reality. But the fact is that there is no such thing
as absolute reality. If you do not agree, just try defining it, <i>using words
that mean the same thing to everybody</i>. I think you cannot.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As argued convincingly by </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hawking and Mlodinow (2010), all that we can have is '<i>model-dependent
reality</i>' (MDR); any wider or deeper notion of reality is a baseless myth, if not worse. I
explain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Does something
or somebody exist when we are not viewing it? There are two opposite models for
answering this question, the subjective model (idealism) and the objective model
(materialism). Which model of 'reality' is correct? Naturally the one that is
<i>self-consistent</i> and <i>most successful</i> in terms of its predicted
consequences. In my opinion, this is where materialism wins hands down. The materialistic <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">model</span> is that the entity exists even
when nobody is observing it. This model is far more successful in explaining
'reality' than the opposite model. And we can do no better than build models of
whatever there is to observe, understand, and explain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Suppose 100
persons are asked to describe an object, including its colour, and all of them
say that it is a chair. Further, suppose 98 of them say that it is a <i>red</i>
chair, but the other two disagree about the colour seen by the majority. If
further investigation shows that these two persons have a colour-blindness
problem, the model of reality we humans build is that the object is a red
chair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But suppose it
turns out that these two persons are <i>not</i> colour-blind, and no matter
what tests we carry out, we are unable to explain why they do not see or
describe the chair as red. We then go (tentatively) by the majority view, or <i>consensus</i>.
Of course, any model of reality <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">must</span> change in the light of new data and insights.
This is the approach we adopt in science for building up our knowledge. We
build models and theories of reality, and we accept those which are most
successful in explaining what we humans observe <i>collectively</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A scientific model is a
good model if:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">it is elegant
and self-consistent;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">it contains no
or only a few arbitrary or adjustable parameters;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">it explains
most or all of the existing observations; and</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">it makes
detailed and falsifiable predictions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">That brings me
to the M-theory (see Wadhawan 2012c) and the cosmic-inflation model in
cosmology (see Wadhawan 2012d). Are they good models of reality? There are
eminent scientists who vehemently attack both of them, and have even proposed
alternative models. Nothing unusual about that. At the cutting edge of science
the edge is blunt or nebulous, rather than sharp: Experts disagree on many
issues, and fight it out. But out of this informed debate consensus emerges
gradually, usually when additional ('issue clincher') data become available, or
when some genius formulates a great new model. M-theory and the multiverse idea
are the most accepted formulations we humans have <i>at present</i>, even though there
are many arbitrary-looking parameters, and loose ends. In due course the models
would get either established or rejected, but they are the best (i.e., most
accepted, even beautiful) models of reality at present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
cosmic-inflation model ties up so many loose ends in cosmology, and explains so
many observations, that some form of it is likely to survive in any
scientific version of cosmology.</span><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> Reality is
nothing deeper than the best available scientific model for it</span></i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">. Often a phenomenon or entity is so complex that no sensible model has
been formulated yet. In such a case, we have to wait till science makes more
progress and there is general agreement among experts.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Ockham's Razor
and Information Theory</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the 8-fold
way of the scientific method, the axioms play a basic role. The important
question is: <i>How many</i> axioms should we have? I shall take up a case study for
answering this question.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">There is the so-called ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ (CI) of quantum
mechanics, formulated by the great scientist Neils Bohr in 1927, jointly with
Heisenberg (another venerated scientist) (see Faye 2008). According to the CI, humans
and the equipment they use exist in a <i>classical</i> world which is different
from the <i>quantum</i> world. A quantum state is a superposition of two or
more states, but when it interfaces with the classical world (at the moment of
measurement), there is a 'collapse' of the wave function (randomly) to one of the
alternatives, and the other alternative<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> states</span> disappear. It should be noted that the
CI was put in ‘by hand’ as an <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">additional </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">axiom or postulate</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>of quantum mechanics. Was one more
axiom justifiable? No.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The CI has been superseded by better interpretations, <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">some of the<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">m</span> without the <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">need for <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">introducing an additional axiom</span></span></span>. Among the earliest
scientists to challenge the CI was Hugh Everett III, who put forward his
‘many worlds’ idea as an alternative explanation. A good account of the latest
position on this has been given by Hawking and Mlodinow (2010). But the
influence of Bohr<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> on quantum mechanics</span> has been so strong and persistent that
even today many scientists subscribe to the CI. The fact is that the 'many
worlds' theory, or rather its modern version, namely the 'multiple universe' or
'multiverse' theory, has gained ascendance in science. The introduction of one
more axiom in quantum theory by Bohr was <i>unnecessary</i>, and therefore
undesirable, if not wrong. Let us see why.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The philosopher
Ockham advocated the use of simplest possible explanations for natural
phenomena: ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plurality should not be
posited without necessity</i>’. The proverbial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor">Ockham’s razor</a> cuts away
complicated and long explanations (see Wadhawan 2010). Ockham declared that
simple explanations are the most plausible.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But is it just a matter of ph<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ilosophy? Not really; there is more to it.</span> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">A<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span></span>rationalization is availabl<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">e now. </span>Leibniz (1675) (cf.
Chaitin 2001) was among the earliest known investigators of the question of how
many axioms should be chosen in a theory. He argued that a worthwhile theory of
anything has to be ‘simpler than’ the data it explains. Otherwise, either the
theory is useless, or the data are ‘lawless’. The criterion ‘simpler than’ is
best understood in terms of information theory, or rather its more recently
developed offshoot, namely <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">algorithmic
information theory (AIT) (Chaitin 1987)<i>.</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Following
Chaitin (1987), let consider an example. Take the set of all positive integers,
and ask the question: How many bits of information are needed to specify all
these integers? The answer is an absurdly large number. But the fact is that
this set of data has very little information content. It has a <i>structure</i>
which we can exploit to write an algorithm which can generate all the integers,
and the number of bits of information needed to write the algorithm is indeed
not large. So the 'algorithmic information content' in this example is small.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One can
generalize and say that, in terms of computer algorithms, the best theory is
that which requires the smallest computer program for calculating (and hence
explaining) the observations. The more <i>compact</i> the theory is, the
smaller is the length of this computer program. Chaitin’s work has shown that
Ockham's razor is not just a matter of philosophy, but has deep
algorithmic-information underpinnings. If there are competing descriptions or
theories of reality, the more compact one has a <i>higher probability</i> of
being correct. Let us see why.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In AIT, an
important concept is that of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">algorithmic
probability</i> (AP). It is the probability that a random program of a given
length fed into a computer will give correctly a desired output, say the first
million digits of π. Following Bennett and Chaitin’s pioneering work done in
the 1970s (see Chaitin 1987), let us assume that the random program has been
produced by an unintelligent monkey. The AP in this case is the same as the
probability that the monkey would type out the same bit string, i.e. the same
computer program as, say, a Java program suitable for generating the first
million digits of π. The probability that the monkey presses the first key on
the keyboard correctly is 0.5. The probability that the first two keys would be
pressed correctly is (0.5)<sup>2</sup> or 0.25. And so on. Thus the probability
gets smaller and smaller very rapidly as the required number of correctly sequenced bits
increases. The longer the program, the less likely it is that the monkey will
crank it out correctly. We can generalize and say that the AP is the highest
for the shortest programs or the most compact theories. <i>The best theory is
likely to have the smallest number of axioms</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In the present
context, suppose we are having a bit-string representing a set of data, and we
want to understand the mechanism responsible for the creation of that set of
data. In other words, we want to discover <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i>
computer program (or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the</i> best
theory), among many we could generate randomly, which is responsible for that
set of data. The information-theoretic validation of Ockham’s philosophy comes
from the fact that the shortest such program is the most plausible guess,
because it has the highest AP.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
Ockham-razor idea has two parts: The principle of plurality, and the principle
of parsimony, economy or succinctness. The former says that plurality should
not be posited without necessity. And the latter says that it is pointless to
do with more what can be done with less.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">It is
conceivable that the simplest theory is inadequate in certain aspects. The idea of
Ockham's razor is that one should proceed to
simpler and simpler<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";"> </span>theories until simplicity can be traded for greater explanatory power.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The God
Hypothesis</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Apart from
axioms, another key component of the 8-fold way of the scientific method is the
hypothesis put forward for explaining any natural phenomenon. Implicit in this application
of the conventional scientific method is the validity of <i>the causality principle</i>: Every
effect has a cause which precedes it, and this cause is the effect of another
cause, and so on.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A fundamental
question all of us ask is: What is the cause for the existence of the universe
we live in? Suppose we put forward the hypothesis that our universe was created
by God. Naturally, the next question is: What is the cause, of which God is the
effect? In other words, who or what created God? The stock answer </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">generally</span> is:
The cause-effect chain cannot go on indefinitely and we must stop somewhere, so
we stop at the God hypothesis and say that God is <i>the</i> 'uncaused cause'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Does that
really help? If we are willing to accept that there can be an uncaused cause,
we may as well say that the universe is an uncaused cause. So the God
hypothesis is an <i>unnecessary</i> (or unwarranted) hypothesis. Ockham's razor
cuts it off.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Many other
arguments have been given which show that the God hypothesis is unwarranted (see
Stenger 2008; Paulos 2008). This hypothesis explains away everything, and we
end up learning nothing. It is almost like having a theory in which everything
is axiomatically true and nothing needs to be proved or disproved.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Answering the
Difficult Questions We Ask about Ourselves and about Our Universe</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">God or no God, some
fundamental questions must be answered. Here are just three of them:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(i) How can our
universe emerge out of 'nothing' without violating the principle of
conservation of energy/mass?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(ii) How can
life emerge out of nonlife?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(iii) How can
intelligence emerge from non-intelligent beginnings?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I find that it
is still not widely known that science has progressed so dramatically during
the last few decades that it now has credible answers to these questions, as
also to many other such 'difficult' questions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The recent
books by Hawking & Mlodinow (2010) and Krauss (2012) explain in a fairly
accessible language how our universe emerged out of 'nothing'. The vacuum state
in quantum field theory is not at all a state of 'nothingness'. It has a
'virtual' energy of its own. Our universe emerged out of vacuum as a quantum
fluctuation, without violating the principle of conservation of energy/mass. The
M-theory and the cosmic-inflation theory are powerful explanations for why our
universe has the laws it has (cf. Wadhawan 2012e). Our universe got created without
the help of a Creator. It has been found t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hat </span>Euclidean geometry holds true in our universe; i.e.,
ours is a <i>flat-geometry</i> universe. As explained by Krauss (2012), a
flat-geometry universe can satisfy the requirement that the sum total of
positive and negative contributions to the overall energy of the universe add
up to zero. [The gravitational force is an attractive force, so it makes a <i>negative</i>
contribution to the total energy of the universe. This matches (cancels out)
the positive-energy term coming from all the matter and energy we see around
us, so the total energy was and is zero.]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The question
about the emergence of life out of nonlife is, in fact, the easiest of the
three questions posed above. It is answered by a <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">somewhat</span> new branch of science called <i>complexity
science</i> (Gell-Mann 1994; Wadhawan 2010). Real-life situations are usually
so complex that it is not enough to have knowledge of the 'complete set of
fundamental natural laws' for explaining them. It is often found necessary to
formulate additional (empirical) laws as '<i>effective theories</i>' (Hawking
& Mlodinow 2010). An example is the gravitational force experienced by a
macroscopic object on the surface of the Earth. The gravitational interaction
is present between any two atoms, but we cannot formulate and solve the
equations governing the gravitational interaction between every atom in the
macroscopic object and every atom in the Earth. Instead, an effective theory is
formulated in terms of the mass of the object and a few other numbers like the
value of the gravity constant (<i>g</i>) at the surface of the Earth. Similarly,
in chemistry we cannot hope to formulate and solve the totality of equations
describing the interactions among all the positive and negative charges in a
system. Instead, an effective theory involving concepts like valence deals with
how chemical reactions occur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This approach
continues as we go up the ladder of increasing complexity. Details at one
hierarchical level of complexity are 'summarized' or 'integrated over' to
generate some <i>effective parameters</i> which are used for describing the details
of the next higher level: from particle physics to macroscopic physics and
chemistry; from chemistry to biology; and so on. An effective theory is
essentially a framework we create for modelling certain observed phenomena,
without describing in detail all the underlying processes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Complexity
science has thrown up some additional key concepts. One of them is that of '<i>emergence</i>'
(cf. Wadhawan 2012f). As the 'degree of complexity' of a system increases,
sometimes new, unexpected, properties can emerge. An example is that of the
second law of thermodynamics. Each molecule of a gas in a box obeys Newtonian
dynamics, and its equations of motion have time-reversal symmetry. And yet, for
the macroscopic system as a whole, the law of increas<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">ing</span> entropy <i>emerges</i>,
which implies a unidirectional flow of time: The entropy increases only in the
direction of increasing time. The natural world abounds in such examples of
emergence.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Another
important feature of complexity science is that it compels us to take a fresh
look at the causality principle. Consider a beehive. It is a complex system. It
has 'swarm intelligence' </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(Wadhawan 2011a). No one is in
command, not even the queen bee. Each bee follows some very simple 'local
rules', and interacts with other bees in the hive. The final effect here is the
<i>emergent</i> property of swarm intelligence: The beehive functions as a
whole as a <i>superorganism</i>, with intelligence far in excess of that of any
individual bee. What is the cause of this intelligence? Not the action of any
one bee. The intelligence comes from the (ever-changing) <i>interaction
patterns</i> among the bees.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In fact, the
beehive is the archetypal example of a system in which it is meaningless to
talk about causes and effects, or actions and reactions. Instead it is <i>interactions</i>,
through and through. And it is not an isolated example. Complex systems are
generally like that.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But the
causality idea is well-entrenched in the human psyche. There is no need to
abandon it altogether, of course. In fact, much of our <i>conventional</i> science is
based on it. Logical reasoning in conventional science is one big chain of
cause-effect-cause-effect-cause- . . . . interpretations. But conventional
science is often quite unfit for tackling complexity-related, highly nonlinear,
problems. Radically new thinking is needed for researching those systems for
which any simplifying assumption can destroy the very essence of the system
being investigated, or when it is impossible to model the system in terms of a
manageable number of differential equations. We should be prepared to think in
terms of interactions and correlations when necessary, rather than actions and
reactions all the time. Such an approach helps us better understand the
properties of complex systems, and keeps us away from philosophical absurdities
like 'downward causality'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Appearance of
life out of nonlife is no big deal; it is just one more example of spontaneous
emergence of order out of disorder in a thermodynamically open system, namely
the cosmos in general and our ecosphere in particular (Wadhawan 2011b). Atoms,
simple molecules, and then biomolecules evolved through the slow processes of
chemical evolution. In due course, self-replicating molecules emerged, followed
by the gradual appearance of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. At some stage in this era of
chemical evolution of complexity, the era of biological (Darwinian) evolution also started,
which is still operative and will remain so always.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j3orVw2E8x0/U2c2sgTa3AI/AAAAAAAADOA/JUdQMb0f480/s1600/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-j3orVw2E8x0/U2c2sgTa3AI/AAAAAAAADOA/JUdQMb0f480/s1600/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Living systems
are an example of an important class of complex systems, called <i>complex
adaptive systems</i> (CASs) (see Wadhawan 2012g). These are systems that not
only evolve like any other dynamical system, but also <i>learn</i> by making
use of the information they have acquired. This learning requires, among other
things, the evolution of an ability to distinguish between the <i>random</i>
and the <i>regular</i>. CASs can undergo processes like biological evolution
(or biological-like evolution). They do not just operate in an environment
created for them initially, but have the capability to change the environment.
For example, species, ant colonies, corporations, and industries evolve to
improve their chances of survival in a changing environment. Similarly, the
marketplace adapts to factors like immigration, technological developments,
prices, extent of availability of raw materials, and changes in tastes and
lifestyles etc. Some more examples of CASs are: A baby learning to walk; a
strain of bacteria evolving resistance to an antibiotic; a beehive or ant
colony adjusting to the decimation of a part of it; etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">That leads us
to an answer to the question of how intelligence has emerged out of
nonintelligence. It is due to the emergence of swarm intelligence, <i>plus</i>
the feature of adaptation to changing situations, typical of what any CAS would
do. A recent book by Kurzweil (2012) has a daring title: <i>How to Create a
Mind</i>. Within the present century itself we humans would have created
artificial minds far superior to our own. Such is the power of the scientific
method we have invented.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Scientists</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">All professional scientists are exposed to the logical rigour and discipline of the
scientific method outlined above. One may think that this makes them far more
rational in their thinking than the average non-scientist. This
is not the case, in general. As the cynic said, 'science is what scientists do'.
And scientists have their own share of prejudices, conditioning,
and hidden agendas. Why is this so? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q1XdmrvX0OY/U2SiXIhrW1I/AAAAAAAADMk/HQXUyzzEmXA/s1600/ISRO1a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Q1XdmrvX0OY/U2SiXIhrW1I/AAAAAAAADMk/HQXUyzzEmXA/s400/ISRO1a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;
mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;
mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;
mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://article.wn.com/view/2013/11/06/Rationalists_slam_Isro_chiefs_temple_visit/">http://article.wn.com/view/2013/11/06/Rationalists_slam_Isro_chiefs_temple_visit/</a></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wPbg4Z0r698/U2SiuST05lI/AAAAAAAADMo/WEq5fkLcrt0/s1600/ISRO2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-wPbg4Z0r698/U2SiuST05lI/AAAAAAAADMo/WEq5fkLcrt0/s1600/ISRO2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">This question needs to be examined from several vantage points. I
consider just a few <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">here</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The present level of acceptance of Darwinian evolution by the American
society is not too bad, but way back in 1994 this is how Dennett (1995)
described it: 'A recent Gallup poll (June 1993) discovered that 47 percent of
adult Americans believe that <i>Homo sapiens</i> is a species created by God
less than ten thousand years ago'. He went on to make the point that the person
most directly responsible for this misconception in the public mind was the
eminent palaeontologist (and much else) Stephen Jay Gould, a scientist who did
so much to make important corrections to classical Darwinism and neo-Darwinism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gould was a scientist of great standing, but deep inside he just could
not get reconciled to the fact that life can come into existence without the
hand of a benign Creator. As Dennett wrote in 1995: 'Gould's ultimate target is
Darwin's dangerous idea itself; he is opposed to the very idea that evolution
is, in the end, just an algorithmic process'. This was not just an expression of
opinion by Dennett. He gave elaborate reasons and evidence to prove his
assertion.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Incidentally, Dennett's (1995) book, <i>Darwin's Dangerous Idea</i>, is the greatest book I have read on Darwinism. Reading it was an uplifting experience (I almost said 'spiritual experience' (!), except that I do not have a proper idea of what 'spiritual' really means).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">As I outlined above, modern cosmology, high-energy
physics, and complexity science have credible answers to the creation
questions. Complexity science, as we know it today, did not exist before the
1990s, and it is remarkable that Dennett (1995), a philosopher, had such an
innate understanding of the crux of what complexity science is all
about.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The need of the hour is to take complexity science to people, particularly
all those scientists who have been exposed only to conventional,
reductionistic, science so far. However, lack of adequate understanding of
complexity science is not the only reason why many scientists are unwilling to
let go of the God idea. There is an emotional need as well, similar to that of
a child, namely the need for a sense of security. The God concept fulfills that.
But <i>desirability and emotional needs cannot be a substitute for the
realities of cold, honest, logic</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Question of Morality and Ethics</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A stock argument of organized religions is that a belief in God is
necessary for ensuring the prevalence of morality and ethics in society. A
corollary of this is that a 'Godless' person is unlikely or less likely to be
moral and ethical. There is no evidence for this presumption.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">A belief in God also generally implies a belief in the existence of
certain 'supernatural' phenomena. Brights International (</span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://www.the-brights.net/action/activities/organized/arenas/1/readings.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.the-brights.net/action/activities/organized/arenas/1/readings.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">) is an organization that promotes 'naturalism', as opposed to
'supernaturalism'. Its research project '<i>Reality about Human Morality</i>' has
been running for several years, t</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">he overall thrust being to investigate the presumption
that ethical systems and morals are imparted to humankind by some form of
divine being or power. The present</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> research findings of the
project are summarized in the following carefully worded Statements </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://www.the-brights.net/action/activities/organized/arenas/1/area_b/studies.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.the-brights.net/action/activities/organized/arenas/1/area_b/studies.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Statement A: </span><i><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Morality is an evolved
repertoire of cognitive and emotional mechanisms with distinct biological
underpinnings, as modified by experience acquired throughout the human
lifespan.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Statement
B: <i>Morality is not the exclusive domain of Homo sapiens; there is
significant cross-species evidence in the scientific literature that animals
exhibit 'pre-morality' or basic moral behaviours (i.e. those patterns of
behaviour that parallel central elements of human moral behaviour). </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Statement
C: <i>Morality is a 'human universal' (i.e. exists across all cultures
worldwide), a part of human nature acquired during evolution. </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Statement
D: <i>Young children and infants demonstrate some aspects of moral cognition
and behaviour (which precede specific learning experiences and worldview development).</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Each Statement is supported by extensive references to scientific studies.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Spirituality
and 'Inner' Life</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">I have come across many scientists who say: 'I do not subscribe to any
religion, but I am a spiritual person'. What exactly is spirituality? Here are a
couple of definitions:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">'The term "spirituality"
lacks a definitive definition, although social scientists have defined
spirituality as the search for "the sacred," where "the
sacred" is broadly defined as that which is set apart from the ordinary
and worthy of veneration. The use of the term "spirituality" has
changed throughout the ages. In modern times, spirituality is often separated
from Abrahamic religions, and connotes a blend of humanistic psychology with
mystical and esoteric traditions and eastern religions aimed at personal
well-being and personal development. The notion of "spiritual
experience" plays an important role in modern spirituality, but has a
relatively recent origin' (Wikipedia).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">'Spirituality
means something different to everyone. For some, it's about participating in
organized religion: going to church, synagogue, a mosque, etc. For others, it's
more personal: Some people get in touch with their spiritual side through
private prayer, yoga, meditation, quiet reflection, or even long
walks. Research shows that even skeptics can't stifle the sense that there
is something greater than the concrete world we see. As the brain processes
sensory experiences, we naturally look for patterns, and then seek out meaning
in those patterns. And the phenomenon known as "cognitive dissonance"
shows that once we believe in something, we will try to explain away anything
that conflicts with it. Humans can't help but ask big questions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
instinct seems wired in our minds' </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(</span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/spirituality"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/spirituality</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Shorn of the
superfluous and logically untenable God concept (or the 'some higher power'
concept), spirituality is mainly about the so-perceived 'enhancement' of the
so-called 'inner life'. Each person has his inner life, pertaining to what
his mind perceives, or imagines, or aspires for, but so what? I think it is no different from idle reverie. My inner life is different from yours, and all that really matters is the outer-life expression or manifestation of the 'inner life', and this outer-life manifestation is a natural phenomenon like any other, amenable to scrutiny by science.</span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b45921yw4OU/U2WU_-Y8qtI/AAAAAAAADNU/4SeDbRdgK6E/s1600/Asimov.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-b45921yw4OU/U2WU_-Y8qtI/AAAAAAAADNU/4SeDbRdgK6E/s1600/Asimov.jpg" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Our brain is a
physical organ, subject to the laws of physics. And our mind is what our brain
does. I subscribe to the view that there is nothing wrong or unscientific about any efforts to make one's thinking
more productive and innovative and original by meditation etc.; and there is
nothing <i>mystical</i> about that. It is perfectly fine for a person to do
meditation if that helps him achieve better mental health, and greater
intuitive capabilities or originality.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">One of the
most innovative minds I know of is Ray Kurzweil (2012). Here is
what he does for getting new, problem-solving ideas: 'Relaxing professional
taboos turns out to be useful for creative problem solving. I use a mental
technique each night in which I think about a particular problem before I go to
sleep. This triggers sequences of thoughts that will continue into my dreams.
Once I am dreaming, I can think<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>dream</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>about solutions to the problem
without the burden of the professional restraints I carry during the day. I can
then access these dream thoughts in the morning while in an in-between state of
dreaming and being awake, sometimes referred to as "lucid dreaming"'. Fine. And very impressive.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The mind-body relationship is a subject of great importance. There are so many unexplored examples of what the mind can make the body do or endure. Scientific researchers should be duly skeptical on one hand, and open-minded on the other, when it comes to accepting or rejecting outlandish-looking claims. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Reproducible verification has to be t</span>he final arbiter, always.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Scientific Temper in Society</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Scientific
temper is all about applying the scientific method, not only when doing science
in the laboratory, but in everything we do anywhere. Scientists can play
a major role here by striving to be role models of rationality for society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">But even if all
the scientists did this conscientiously, there would still be a major hurdle in
the way of promoting scientific temper in society. Natural phenomena are governed
by the highly counter-intuitive laws of quantum mechanics, and we cannot expect
everybody to master quantum field theory for appreciating how, for example, our
universe arose out of 'nothing', i.e. without the intervention of a God or a
Creator. Similarly, it is not easy to explain complexity science to one and
all. But such problems can be tackled by proper parenting and education of
children, as I explain next.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Good Parenting</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Minds of young
children are strongly influenced by what they learn from their parents (and
teachers). Parents should aim at creating conditions in the family in which the
child can grow to become an <i>independent</i> thinker. Every child has a right to get
exposure to all streams of thought before making a choice.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">If a child
learns to have full confidence in science and the scientific method, he will
not waste energy and time fighting what science has to say. Instead, he will
take even the counter-intuitive quantum mechanics for granted, all the time
fully assured of the fact that there is nothing dogmatic about the concepts and
theories of science, and that even the most cherished ideas can be abandoned if
the new evidence so demands. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mcqf3w6iLzc/U2c7KBhVooI/AAAAAAAADOM/SEgvJuLuFiI/s1600/good-parenting-2-300x289.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="385" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mcqf3w6iLzc/U2c7KBhVooI/AAAAAAAADOM/SEgvJuLuFiI/s1600/good-parenting-2-300x289.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://www.awesomeparents.com/good-parenting/">http://www.awesomeparents.com/good-parenting/</a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">What right do the
parents have to impose their views on a child? The child should be able to make
a choice after learning about the various streams of thought. Needless to say,
parents often believe that a religious upbringing will instil moral values
in the child. But the fact is that there is overwhelming evidence that there is no correlation
between religion (or irreligion) and morality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">How moral is it
to stifle the intellectual growth of a child in the name of religion? If you
teach your child that something is true simply because the 'holy book' says so,
you are destroying something very valuable, namely the urge to go on
questioning things till a rational and sensible answer has been obtained.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Imagine a
situation in which a child has imbibed the spirit of the scientific method, and
has blossomed into a rational, mature person who realizes that there is no God
up there to intervene and help us in case we mess up our affairs on this
planet. And that Mother Earth is our collective responsibility, for which we should
cooperate with one another, rather than waste our energy and resources in
mindless conflicts in the name of religion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Imagine a world
in which human beings, after they grow up from childhood, are no longer <i>children</i>
in their emotional get-up, but are mature, responsible, and mentally strong
persons, who hold nobody but themselves accountable for all their actions. They
do not need a father figure (God) to whom to go crying for help like a child
does. They are noble and moral because it feels good to be so, rather than
because they believe that God would punish them if they are not good.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Education of
Children</span></b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Children learn
not only from parents, but also from their school teachers. It is imperative
that teachers should be role models of scientific temper. That calls for a very
strict process of selection of teachers. And that, in turn, can happen only if
even the selectors of teachers are selected carefully.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">School teaching
is a vitally important activity. Conditions have to be created so that the
finest available brains are attracted to this profession. Why is it that a
university teacher has a higher prestige and salary than a school teacher? We
have to set our priorities right. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AxCka9F9KkA/U28ElkZ6sfI/AAAAAAAADO8/f9F-wPkDWaU/s1600/10255278_601093319986593_898877011246380753_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="579" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AxCka9F9KkA/U28ElkZ6sfI/AAAAAAAADO8/f9F-wPkDWaU/s640/10255278_601093319986593_898877011246380753_n.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"> A major
component of the scientific method is the insistence on strictly logical
reasoning. A fun thing for school children can be the teaching of t<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">he existence of </span><i>logical
fallacies</i> (see, e.g., Gula 2007). Here is an example of the so-called <i>ad
hominem</i> (circumstantial) logical fallacy (cf. Bennett 2012):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Person 1 is
claiming Y.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Person 1 has a
vested interest in Y being true.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Therefore Y is
false.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Another common
example of a logical fallacy is the so-called <i>argument from prestige</i>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">C. V. Raman was
a great, prestigious, scientist.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">He asserted
that there is a God.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Therefore God
exists.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The logical
fallacy here is that for every C. V. Raman who was a believer, one can point
out a Stephen Hawking who is not a believer. Opinions of a few scientists or others cannot
prove or disprove any argument.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Familiarity
with, and caution against, the huge repertoire of logical fallacies can fire the
imagination of children, and can make them instinctively look for any lack of
logic, not only in the reasoning of others, but also their own. A society in
which even children are adept at pointing out logical fallacies in whatever
they hear or read would hardly need any additional measures for spreading the
culture of scientific temper.Needless to
say, scientific temper and felicity with logic must be supplemented with a
humanistic outlook, as also a deep concern and love for Mother Earth.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ortT6f7eKNk/VDvdqu_fSjI/AAAAAAAAD58/28zzcDqSJrM/s1600/Crit1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ortT6f7eKNk/VDvdqu_fSjI/AAAAAAAAD58/28zzcDqSJrM/s1600/Crit1.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2014/03/28/daniel-dennett-rapoport-rules-criticism/">http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2014/03/28/daniel-dennett-rapoport-rules-criticism/</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/TheBrightsNet">https://www.facebook.com/TheBrightsNet</a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The Need to
Prevent Misuse of Freedom of Speech</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">In India a
peculiar situation prevails at present. An enormous amount of superstitious and
other irrational sermonizing is occurring on television. This has a
disastrous effect on young impressionable minds, and there is <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">hardly any</span> legal remedy
available for tackling it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">We as a nation
are very fond of saying that truth prevails ultimately (<i>satyamev jayate</i>).
But very often, by the time truth prevails, a lot of irreversible damage has
occurred already. In any case, in real-life situations, <i>truth is seldom
relevant</i>, and what really matters generally is the <i>perception</i> of truth
by the various interacting individuals. It hardly requires any intelligence to
have faith in something, whereas understanding of scientific facts can often be
a daunting task for the public at large. Therefore it is necessary to curtail
superstition propaganda occurring in the name of freedom of speech and freedom
of religion.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cdrpUR8UP0E/U2SjRSHeMTI/AAAAAAAADMw/H7A8ymKtK9M/s1600/Vastu1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cdrpUR8UP0E/U2SjRSHeMTI/AAAAAAAADMw/H7A8ymKtK9M/s1600/Vastu1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Under the
Indian Constitution, promotion of scientific temper is a <i>duty</i> (a
fundamental duty), whereas the freedom to carry out (and even promote)
religious practices is a matter of <i>right</i> (fundamental right). This is an
unequal fight between what is logical and rational and what <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif";">may be</span> illogical and
irrational. We should amend the Constitution so that <i>irreligion</i> (which
is the absence or antithesis of religion), backed by the scientific method, gets
the same status and <i>rights</i> as the organized religions. If this is done,
citizens would have the right to legally and successfully object to any public propaganda or
sermons that make it difficult for them to promote scientific temper in society.
Religious practices should be largely confined to the privacy of one's home, and
should under no circumstances trample upon the rights of others who want to give
their children the freedom to grow as freethinkers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">References</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Bennett B
(2012) Logically Fallacious: The Ultimate Collection of over 300 Logical
Fallacies, eBookIt.com, Boston. ISBN -10: 1456607529; ISBN-13: 978-1456607524.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Berry E (2010)
The Scientific Method, </span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://climateclash.com/2-the-scientific-method/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://climateclash.com/2-the-scientific-method/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Byrne P (2007) The Many Worlds of Hugh Everett, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific American</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, </span>December
issue, p. 98.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chaitin G (1987) Algorithmic Information Theory, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Chaitin G (2001) Exploring Randomness, Springer, Berlin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Dennett D
(1995) Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life, Penguin
Books, London.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Faye J (2008) Copenhagen
Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, </span><span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gell-Mann M
(1994) The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex, W.
H. Freeman, New York.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Gula R J
(2007) Nonsense: Red Herrings, Straw Men and Sacred Cows: How We Abuse Logic in
Our Everyday Language, Axios Press, New York.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Hawking S and
Mlodinow L (2010) The Grand Design: New Answers to the Ultimate Questions of
Life, Bantam Press, London.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Krauss L M
(2012) A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something rather than Nothing,
Free Press, New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Kurzweil R
(2012) How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed, Penguin
Books, New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Nehru J (1946)
The Discovery of India, Penguin Books India, Delhi (the 2004 edition).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Paulos J A
(2008) Irreligion: A Mathematician Explains Why the Arguments for God Just
Don't Add Up, Hill & Wang, New York.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Popper K (2005)
The Logic of Scientific Discovery, <span class="citation">Taylor & Francis
e-Library edition, London and New York: Routledge / Taylor & Francis
e-Library.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="citation"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Stenger V J
(2008) </span></span><span class="a-size-large"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">God: The Failed Hypothesis. How Science Shows That God
Does Not Exist, Prometheus edition, London.</span></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan, V K
(2010) Complexity Science: Tackling the Difficult Questions We Ask about
Ourselves and about Our Universe, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrucken.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2011a) Swarm Intelligence,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/11/swarm-intelligence.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/11/swarm-intelligence.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2011b) The Ultimate Causes of Cosmic Order and Structure,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/12/8-ultimate-causes-of-cosmic-order-and.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/12/8-ultimate-causes-of-cosmic-order-and.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2012a) Why are the Laws of Nature what They are, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/19-why-are-laws-of-nature-what-they-are.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/19-why-are-laws-of-nature-what-they-are.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2012b) The Anthropic Principle, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/20-anthropic-principle.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/20-anthropic-principle.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2012c) Supersymmetry, String Theories, M-theory, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/02/14-supersymmetry-string-theories-m.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/02/14-supersymmetry-string-theories-m.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2012d) </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The
All-Important Cosmic Inflation Interlude,</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/17-all-important-cosmic-inflation.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/17-all-important-cosmic-inflation.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Wadhawan V K
(2012e)</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Why Are the Laws of Nature What They Are? </span></span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/19-why-are-laws-of-nature-what-they-are.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/03/19-why-are-laws-of-nature-what-they-are.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2012f) Emergence, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/06/33-emergence.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/06/33-emergence.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wadhawan V K
(2012g) Complex Adaptive Systems, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/07/38-complex-adaptive-systems.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/07/38-complex-adaptive-systems.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Wudka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>J (1998) What is the 'scientific method'? </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">.</span><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">REFERENCE ADDED ON 08 APRIL 2015: </span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://skepdic.com/ticriticalthinking.html">http://skepdic.com/ticriticalthinking.html</a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">It is about critical thinking.</span> </div>
</div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-21187151918200294682014-05-01T10:11:00.001+05:302015-06-28T17:41:10.303+05:30Inculcation of Scientific Temper in Society, and the Problem of Organized Religions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
<o:RelyOnVML/>
<o:AllowPNG/>
</o:OfficeDocumentSettings>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-GB</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawaharlal
Nehru exhorted the nation at the time of independence from British rule that we
should head for a society in which scientific temper prevails. That was in 1946.
But even today we find that, by and large, we have failed to achieve that goal.
Though there are many reasons for this, the influence of organized religions is
the most significant one. This is a universal problem, not at all unique to
India. To counter this, our hope lies in spreading the message of science and
the scientific method.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tfpIOM8nMtY/U2HORGK14YI/AAAAAAAADLw/5UM1Ph0apoo/s1600/Sci1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tfpIOM8nMtY/U2HORGK14YI/AAAAAAAADLw/5UM1Ph0apoo/s1600/Sci1.jpg" height="420" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/the-report/modeling-science-on-a-sphere-to-save-the-environment/"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/the-report/modeling-science-on-a-sphere-to-save-the-environment/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In science we
investigate natural phenomena by rigorously applying <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/11/scientific-method-12.html">the scientific method</a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Suppose there
is a set of related observations which we want to understand. We use a set of
axioms, and an agreed set of rules of logic. We also ensure that each word used
in the entire scientific process has the same agreed meaning for everybody. Further,
it is mandated that only <i>falsifiable</i> statements be made throughout. Armed
with this paraphernalia we propose a hypothesis for explaining the set of
observations. If, on testing, it is found that the hypothesis is only partially
successful, either the hypothesis is rejected and a new one proposed, or
efforts are made to improve the hypothesis by introducing modifications in it. In
due course, if the hypothesis not only explains the experimental data
reproducibly, but can even make predictions that are borne out by evidence, our
confidence in it increases. One or more such related hypotheses ultimately
acquire the status of a theory.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There is this
famous statement by Einstein: '<i>Many experiments may prove me right, but it
takes only one to prove me wrong</i>'. Notice the complete objectivity and the
intellectual integrity and humility underlying the entire process of how
science is done. Inculcation of scientific temper in society simply amounts to
applying the rigours of the scientific method not only for doing science in the
laboratory, but also for everything else we do in life. There is no reverence
for authority in science; a statement is either correct or incorrect, no matter
who is making it. This is where a clash occurs with practically all the
organized religions, in which certain statements are not up for questioning or
doubting. And religious texts are chockfull of statements which are unverifiable
or unfalsifiable.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many people run
to religions because the religions claim to have answers to questions like the
following:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How did our universe get created?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How can life emerge out of nonlife?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: list .5in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How can intelligence arise out of nonintelligence?</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modern science
can now give credible answers to all such questions, without invoking the God
concept. In any case, if you are prepared to accept that God is an uncaused
cause, you may as well agree that the universe is an uncaused cause. The God
hypothesis is unnecessary and superfluous; it explains away everything, and you
end up learning nothing.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A new branch of
science, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_science"><i>complexity science</i></a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, provides
credible answers to a variety of 'difficult' questions, including those posed
above. For example, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/145162445X/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=richdawkfounf-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=145162445X">the emergence of our universe out of 'nothing'</a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is explained by quantum field theory, and the
emergence of life out of nonlife is simply the inevitable outcome of unceasing
'<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/06/32-self-organization-in-complex-systems.html">self-organization</a>', so typical of
any '<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/07/38-complex-adaptive-systems.html">complex adaptive system</a>'<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>existing in a <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/12/5-can-you-unscramble-egg.html">thermodynamically 'open' system</a>.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It may be
argued that not everybody is in a position to understand, say, quantum field
theory and other advanced concepts of science. True. The solution lies in a
<a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2011/11/our-duty-towards-children.html">proper upbringing of children</a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Minds of
young children are highly impressionable. They are strongly influenced by what
they learn from their parents (and teachers). Ideally, enlightened parents
should strive to create conditions in the family in which the child can grow to
become an <i>independent</i> thinker, unencumbered by the views his/her parents
or teachers may hold. Every child should be able to get exposure to all streams
of thought before making a choice. Imagine a culture in which a child learns to
have full confidence in the scientific method, and therefore in science. Such a
person will not waste his energy and time fighting what science has to say.
Instead, he will take even the counter-intuitive quantum mechanics for granted,
all the time fully conscious of the fact that there is nothing dogmatic about
the concepts and theories of science, and that even the most cherished
scientific ideas can be abandoned if the new evidence so demands.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6FofdKJR7pQ/U2HPuvwbJXI/AAAAAAAADL4/LCLa_dsKIKg/s1600/SciRocks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6FofdKJR7pQ/U2HPuvwbJXI/AAAAAAAADL4/LCLa_dsKIKg/s1600/SciRocks.jpg" height="248" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-IN"><a href="http://nordenscience.weebly.com/8th-science-links.html"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">http://nordenscience.weebly.com/8th-science-links.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Under the
Indian Constitution, promotion of scientific temper is only a <i>duty</i> (a
fundamental duty), whereas the freedom to carry out (and even promote)
religious activities is a matter of <i>right</i> (fundamental right). Clearly,
we as a nation have opted for an unequal fight between what is logical and
rational and what is illogical and irrational. This situation must change. <i>Irreligion</i>
backed by the scientific method and humanism must be given the same rights as
the organized religions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In India, it is blasphemous to
criticize any and all religions and the superstitious beliefs they lead to. But
elsewhere, in the wake of progress of science, the so-called <a href="http://newatheism.org/"><i>New Atheism</i></a></span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>has been promoted by many proponents. It is
the name given to a movement among some early-21st-century atheist writers who
have advocated the view that 'religion should not simply be tolerated but
should be countered, criticized, and exposed by rational argument wherever its
influence arises. The New Atheists argue that recent scientific advancements
demand a less accommodating attitude toward religion, superstition, and
religious fanaticism than had traditionally been extended by many secularists.</span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many books on New
Atheism have been published in the last couple of decades. In addition,
internet memes have been used for spreading the culture of less tolerance to superstition
etc. Here are some examples:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'To put it
bluntly but fairly, anyone today who doubts that the variety of life on this
planet was produced by a process of evolution is simply ignorant, inexcusably
ignorant, in a world where three out of four people have learned to read and
write' (Daniel Dennett).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'There is no
polite way to suggest to someone that they have devoted their life to a folly'
(Daniel Dennett).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'I am
absolutely convinced that religion is the main source of hatred in this world' (C.
Hitchens).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'Revealed faith
is not harmless nonsense, it can be lethally dangerous nonsense. Dangerous
because it gives people unshakeable confidence in their own righteousness.
Dangerous because it gives them false courage to kill themselves, which automatically
removes normal barriers to killing others. Dangerous because it teaches enmity
to others labelled only by a difference of inherited tradition. And dangerous
because we have all bought into a weird respect, which uniquely protects
religion from normal criticism. Let's now stop being so damned respectful'
(Richard Dawkins).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Carl Sagan took a more conciliatory view of
things, but was, nevertheless, an out and out atheist: '</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;">How is it that hardly any major religion has looked at
science and concluded, “This is better than we thought! The Universe is much
bigger than our prophets said, grander, more subtle, more elegant?” Instead
they say, “No, no, no! My god is a little god, and I want him to stay that
way.” A religion, old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the Universe as
revealed by modern science might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence
and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths.'</span></h1>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imagine 6
religions, each with a God of its own, and each insisting that all other Gods
except its own are false. A follower of any such religion is a 5/6 atheist,
only slightly different from a full 6/6 atheist. Hence the commonly seen
billboard put up by the New Atheists in some countries, which says 'We are all
atheists about most Gods. Some of us just go one God further'.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><br />
As a responsible citizen of my country, I want that the Constitution of India
be amended so that the practitioners of irreligion have the same fundamental
rights as those of the followers of all the organized religions. That would be
the surest way of fostering scientific temper.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As
Charles Evans Hughes said, ‘A man has to live with himself, and he should see
to it that he always has good company’. Do we really need sermonizing by
religions to appreciate this basic fact about ourselves?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[This
article is an altered version of the note I prepared for the proceedings of the
</span><i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conference on
Scientific Temper and the Nation</span></i><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, IIT, Delhi, February 21-22, 2014<i>.</i>]</span></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7446617232754011315.post-21766536814176892022014-04-23T22:51:00.001+05:302020-10-02T21:36:58.977+05:30Economics and Politics in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">There are many types of ‘sciences’. Physics and
chemistry are the ‘hard’ sciences, in which <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">i</span>t is possible to state laws (namely
the laws of Nature) with a high degree of clarity and testability, <i>using
words which mean the same thing to everybody</i>. Then there is biology, in
which the fundamental research problems are so complex that it does
not possess the same ‘hard science’ status that physics does, although its
progress has been remarkable during the last few decades.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">There is, in fact, a
whole spectrum of 'levels of hardness' in disciplines which we describe as
sciences. We have, for example, ‘political science’, which is hardly a science
in the sense in which physics is a science. Social science is another example
of a (respectable) field of study wherein it is not always easy to clearly
state what is being described or discussed.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">What about economics?</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Last month I was a speaker at a conference in
Delhi, where I happened to meet, at the Guest House breakfast table, a very eminent
economist of India. He said something to me (half-jokingly, I thought), which
he also repeated during his formal lecture at the conference. He gave an
example of a person who got a Nobel Prize for his work in economics. His
serious ‘joke’ was that, after some years the Nobel Prize was given to another
person whose model of economics was just the opposite of that of the earlier
person! This is a good example of the fact that some fundamental research
problems in economics (as also in, say, psychology) are so complex that it is
often difficult to be sure about just what is being investigated or discussed.
Of course, we must keep up our efforts to tackle such problems.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">By contrast, physics of ‘simple’ systems (or
‘simplifiable’ systems) is a hard-core science because, in it, the conventional
reductionistic approach succeeds quite often. Not so for economics.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The reasons why economics is not a hard-core
science have been discussed by me <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2014/01/116-econophysics.html">elsewhere</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">. Physicists have jumped-in to alleviate the
situation, and there is a field of research called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics">econophysics</a>.</span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
Cut to a recent <a href="http://www.firstbiz.com/economy/gujarat-model-is-antidote-to-failed-bengal-model-of-nehru-and-mahalanobis-82196.html?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter">article</a></span><span style="font-size: large;"> by Dr. R.
Vaidyanathan, a professor of finance at the IIM, Bangalore. Here is what he
writes:</span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘After independence, and particularly after the
Avadi Congress (1955), the Congress party decided to adopt the “socialistic
pattern of society” as our development mantra. The country opted for economic
planning under the tutelage of PC Mahalanobis and Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru. We essentially opted for the Soviet model in Devnagari script.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The entire planning process and the role of the
state was hijacked by different shades of Left-wing thinkers, with some
criticising the others for not being adequately red. From Mahalanobis
downwards, Bengali intellectuals played a very large role in this leftward tilt
for more than 40 years and, during the entire period, economists from the other
side were denied space or official patronage.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘If you go back in history, the theoreticians of
this failed model -- which we can call the Bengal model for simplicity and also
because most of its proponents were (and still are) from that province --
dominated national discourse. Even today, we can say that Amartya Sen is the ultimate
guru of this idea of development where the state plays a domineering role.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘In simple terms, the Bengal model suggested that
the state owed every individual something – from womb to tomb. Family responsibility
was nationalised and everyone, from children to senior citizens, had a right to
expect something from the state.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The word 'duty' was abolished from the dictionary
and a rights-based society evolved. Some sections of the middle class lapped it
up, since the Soviet Union gave legitimacy to this draconian idea and the
public sector provided job opportunities to the educated. Nehru called public
sector units the temples of modern India. The system was built on layers of
regulations and a solid licence-permit-quota raj was created to administer it
all. It accentuated corruption and government employees and middlemen became
extortionists. Politicians became experts at stealing public funds.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘Entrepreneurship was frowned upon and profit became
a dirty word. Businessmen were derided as “banias” and metaphorically
threatened with hanging from the nearest lamp-post. For example, price
increases have always been blamed on hoarding by banias – the solution to
inflation is thus to go after the banias. However, the system began to crumble
once it failed to produce results and the country went near bankrupt in 1991.
Once the economy was opened up, people began to demand products and services,
which was beyond the comprehension of the government system. Newer
opportunities sent public sector units scurrying for subsidies, and the
collapse of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s destroyed the theoretical
underpinnings of the socialist system.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘If, in the sixties and seventies, the dream of
every new engineer was to join one of the public sector units like BEL, B<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">HEL</span> or
HMT, in the 1980s and 1990s, their preferences underwent a sea change.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
'But the massively corrupt system refused to die and the Frankenstein state,
created over 60 years, found new ways to extend itself by conferring new rights
on the people: right to information; right to work (MNREGA), right to food;
right to education and now right to health. This is nothing but the state
seeking new ways to retain the system of loot based on public resources.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The moth-eaten state structure has been unable to
cater to these rights, and people, anyway, found ways to buy their way into the
system. With huge resources now being devoted to sustaining these rights,
klepto capitalists have found ways to manipulate the free market and the state
to fatten themselves.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘It is in this bleak and degenerate scenario that
we have seen the emergence of the Gujarat model with an alternate vision of a
new polity, enabled by a minimal state. The idea has always been around – with
the late C Rajagopalachari being one of its backers – but in essence the
Gujarat model is about having the state play a lesser role, and the people a
larger one.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The model is simple. Entrepreneurship is encouraged
and celebrated. People should have huge opportunities for employment, but not
necessarily in government jobs. Individuals and families should work/earn/eat
and live on their own efforts instead of depending on a benevolent state.
Individuals are responsible for their actions.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The concept of a small state means having fewer
regulations and more self-regulation. A self-regulatory framework policed by an
effective law enforcement machinery which guarantees swift and severe
punishment for violations can be the best form of governance.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The Gujarat model, for example, is to charge for
power but provide it 24 hours. The Bengal model is to provide power free or
with heavy subsidies -- with the people getting more power cuts rather than
power. Unfortunately, the Bengal model has become the norm all over India. It
is the Gujarat model, whatever its shortcomings, that offers a different
paradigm and different set of possibilities.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘The battle between Nehruvian socialism and
Rajaji’s self-restrained market economy has just been joined. It is a tectonic
shift and it need not be trivialised by looking only at growth numbers or
indicators based on one’s ideological preferences. The fact is Nehru’s vision
has failed completely and it is Rajaji’s that needs to be given a chance now.
The Gujarat model is an antidote to the flawed Bengal model.’</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">In India there is currently a fierce debate going on about
the ‘best’ economic model we should adopt. The quality of the political debate
is handicapped by the fact that economics, by its very nature, is not a
hard-core science (<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">except fo<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">r so<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">me parts like econophysics etc.</span></span></span>). But how to explain this to the
typical, ‘down-to-Earth’, ‘grassroots level’, often only
semi-literate, politician; as also to the innocent, gullible public in
these times of near-instant TV and Internet-facilitated propaganda? </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
<u>Which Economics Model is the Best</u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Economics, politics and philosophy are hopelessly
intertwined, and this is one more reason why much of economics is not a proper,
hard-core, science.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SEQ7ImZZLog/U1oKZS2D32I/AAAAAAAADLg/AI7KrjijIaI/s1600/Economics1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-SEQ7ImZZLog/U1oKZS2D32I/AAAAAAAADLg/AI7KrjijIaI/s400/Economics1.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.peter-boettke.com/ppe-workshop/">http://www.peter-boettke.com/ppe-workshop/</a></span></u></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Since much of economics is a soft science, the experts have
a whale of a time attacking one another’s models, and emphasizing those
parameters of economic growth and well-being which support <i>their</i> stand.
And since economics and politics are inseparable, it is easy for a politician
to quote from that economic theory or model which suits his/her agenda. And this action
acquires respectability if the economist quoted happens to be a Nobel Laureate.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The human tragedy is that, more often than not, truth or ‘<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/05/29-what-is-reality.html">reality</a></span></span><span style="font-size: large;">’ is not knowable. And even where it is knowable,
it is not always <i>quickly</i> knowable. Truth triumphs, ultimately (<i>satyamev
jayate</i>), but it happens often that by the time truth triumphs, much damage
has occurred already. Moreover, in real-life situations, truth is seldom
relevant; what matters more is the <i>perceptions</i> of
truth in the minds of the people involved. This fact of life is exploited, not only by
politicians, but also by intellectuals and opinion leaders. It also explains
why, not only political discourse, but even a well-reasoned and logical
discussion among honest and well-meaning intellectuals may go on endlessly, never
reaching the ‘correct’ conclusion, if at all there is a correct and universally acceptable conclusion. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">But let us come back to economics. I think there is
a strong case for abolishing the Nobel Prize for certain parts of economics, and I have given
some reasons above. Here are some more. Since economics can<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"> seldom</span> be separated
from politics and philosophy, a Nobel in economics is just about as justifiable
as one for politics. Since we shudder at the very thought of a Nobel Prize for <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">p</span>olitics, we should have a similar attitude for the award for economics. Just
look at the potential for misuse and mischief. Political arguments can acquire
respectability by quoting an economist who has had a Nobel, and this has the
potential of being damaging for those societies in which the literacy rate is
low. Another large and vulnerable group in this context is that of students
(and this applies even to high-literacy-rate countries). Economic models do not
have a large shelf life, so the respectability given to one or the other of
them by a Nobel is not desirable.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Instead of economics, there <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">c</span>ould be a Nobel for social service, or philanthropy, or conservation of the environment. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The problems of economics as a serious and
important field of study stem from the fact that any economy is a so-called <a href="http://vinodwadhawan.blogspot.in/2012/07/38-complex-adaptive-systems.html">complex adaptive system</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">. Statistical analysis plays a major role in
economics, and one should normally look only at averages and trends and
indicators (for whatever they are worth). It is easy for any unscrupulous
politician or intellectual to quote data selectively to further his cause and
to attack the opposition. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Coming to the Gujarat model, since Modi-bashing was
a fashionable pastime till recently, the economic model his team has been
implementing in Gujarat has been the object of fierce attacks. I would not mind
that if a balanced picture were presented to the hapless voter. Anyway, there <i>are</i>
economists who are very impressed by the results in Gujarat. I shall quote one
of them here (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminathan_Aiyar">Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">), mainly for the purpose of restoring the balance
in the presentation of facts. This is what <a href="http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Swaminomics/entry/gujarat-is-india-s-top-state-in-economic-freedom">Aiyar writes</a></span><span style="font-size: large;">: </span></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘One annual report has long provided indicators of
governance. This is Economic Freedom of the States of India (EFSI), written by
Bibek Debroy, Laveesh Bhandari and me. The 2013 EFSI report shows Gujarat has
been No. 1 in economic freedom for the last three years, widening its lead over
others. On a scale from 0 to 1, its overall freedom score has improved from
0.46 to 0.65. Tamil Nadu comes a distant second with 0.54. Economic
freedom is not identical to good governance. But lack of economic freedom
typically means poor governance — a jungle of rules and obfuscating bureaucrats
that promote corruption, delay and harassment. This hits everybody from farmers
and consumers to industrialists and transporters.<br />
<br />
‘What exactly is economic freedom? EFSI uses a methodology adapted from
Economic Freedom of the World, an annual publication of the Fraser Institute.
Data for Indian states is not available on many issues. So, EFSI limits itself
to 20 indicators of the size and efficiency of state governments, their legal
structure and property rights, and regulation of labour and business.<br />
<br />
‘Many of these indicators directly measure governance — the proportion of
stolen property recovered; proportion of judicial vacancies; proportion of
violent crimes; proportion of investigations completed by police and of cases
completed by the courts; and the pendency rate of corruption cases. The list is
by no means comprehensive, but provides strong clues.<br />
<br />
‘Gujarat is the best state in pendency of corruption cases, and in the
proportion of non-violent crime. It is close to the top in completion of police
investigations. It scores poorly in judicial vacancies and recovery of stolen
property.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘Its quality of government spending is high: it has
the lowest ratio of administrative GDP to total GDP. Spending is focused on
infrastructure rather than staff. Modi’s repeated state election victories show
that his approach produces high voter satisfaction. Gujarat is not a
classical free-market state. It has large, expanding public sector companies,
and substantial taxes on capital and commodities. It has many subsidies, though
fewer than in other states. Still, business thrives in its business-friendly
climate. One businessman told me that in Tamil Nadu, it took six months
and several visits (and payments) to ministries for industrial approval. But in
Gujarat, the ministry concerned called him the day before his appointment,
asking for details of his proposal. Next day, he found the bureaucracy had in
advance prepared plans of possible locations for his project, and settled the
matter on the spot. This was unthinkable elsewhere, and showed both efficiency
and honesty. Corruption has not disappeared in Gujarat, but is muted.<br />
<br />
‘Modi’s Jyotigram scheme provides 24/7 electricity for rural households, plus
reliable power at fixed times for tubewells. This explains why Gujarat has
India’s fastest agricultural growth (10%/year for a decade, say economists
Gulati and Shah). Indian agriculture is crippled by regulations, but Gulati
shows that Gujarat has the highest agricultural freedom among states. Modi
charges farmers for power, and so all his three state power companies are
profitable. By contrast, power companies in other states with free rural power
have accumulated losses of almost Rs 200,000 crore.<br />
<br />
‘Critics accuse him of giving cheap land to favoured industrialists. But state
and national governments the world over use such sops to attract industries.
Unlike most politicians, Modi has clearly not enriched himself.<br />
<br />
‘Good governance includes communal peace. So, the 2002 Muslim killings reflect
terribly on Modi. For some, it puts him beyond the pale. But since 2002 the
state has been peaceful. In 2011-12 , Gujarat had the lowest Muslim rural
poverty rate among all states. Its overall poverty rate for Muslims (11.4%) was
far lower than for Hindus (17.6%). This was also true of six other states, so
Gujarat is not unique in this. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">‘In sum, EFSI and other studies show that Gujarat
has good governance. It has social and communal flaws. But it is India’s top state
in economic and agricultural freedom. That’s not hype.'</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">University and college teachers must perform an
important duty in this context: They must present a balanced view of economics
to the students. This remark of mine (in fact this entire article) has been
necessitated by an incident that occurred today: On the eve of voting tomorrow,
the Principal of a local college has resorted to mass emailing to the entire
student community, promoting, among other things, a particular economic model,
favoured by a particular bunch of Indian economists and their political
cohorts. He also put the contents of this mass email on the official website of
the college. The view presented is not at all a balanced one; it is one-sided
and therefore not true to student expectations.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
We expect exemplary and responsible behaviour from teachers.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">===</span></span><br />
<u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Postscript added on 26 April 2014</span></span></u><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Supplementary reading:</span></span><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-the-gujarat-model-work-for-india-for-the-most-part-it-will-1498099.html">http://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-the-gujarat-model-work-for-india-for-the-most-part-it-will-1498099.html</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span><u><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
</div>
Vinod Wadhawanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03806139017217746388noreply@blogger.com0